TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sandmann, Gerhard
T1  - Carotenoids and their biosynthesis in fungi
T2  - Molecules
N2  - Carotenoids represent a class of pigmented terpenoids. They are distributed in all taxonomic groups of fungi. Most of the fungal carotenoids differ in their chemical structures to those from other organisms. The general function of carotenoids in heterotrophic organisms is protection as antioxidants against reactive oxygen species generated by photosensitized reactions. Furthermore, carotenoids are metabolized to apocarotenoids by oxidative cleavage. This review presents the current knowledge on fungal-specific carotenoids, their occurrence in different taxonomic groups, and their biosynthesis and conversion into trisporic acids. The outline of the different pathways was focused on the reactions and genes involved in not only the known pathways, but also suggested the possible mechanisms of reactions, which may occur in several non-characterized pathways in different fungi. Finally, efforts and strategies for genetic engineering to enhance or establish pathways for the production of various carotenoids in carotenogenic or non-carotenogenic yeasts were highlighted, addressing the most-advanced producers of each engineered yeast, which offered the highest biotechnological potentials as production systems.
KW  - carotenogenic pathways
KW  - carotenoid biosynthesis
KW  - carotenoid distribution
KW  - carotenoid pathway engineering
KW  - reaction mechanisms
KW  - trisporic acids
Y1  - 2022
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/79597
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-795970
SN  - 1420-3049
VL  - 27
IS  - 4, art. 1431
SP  - 1
EP  - 16
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  -