TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cannon Homaei, Selina
A1  - Barone, Helene
A1  - Kleppe, Rune
A1  - Betari, Nibal
A1  - Reif, Andreas
A1  - Haavik, Jan
T1  - ADHD symptoms in neurometabolic diseases: Underlying mechanisms and clinical implications
T2  - Neuroscience & biobehavioral reviews
N2  - Neurometabolic diseases (NMDs) are typically caused by genetic abnormalities affecting enzyme functions, which in turn interfere with normal development and activity of the nervous system. Although the individual disorders are rare, NMDs are collectively relatively common and often lead to lifelong difficulties and high societal costs. Neuropsychiatric manifestations, including ADHD symptoms, are prominent in many NMDs, also when the primary biochemical defect originates in cells and tissues outside the nervous system. ADHD symptoms have been described in phenylketonuria, tyrosinemias, alkaptonuria, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, X-linked ichthyosis, maple syrup urine disease, and several mitochondrial disorders, but are probably present in many other NMDs and may pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Here we review current literature linking NMDs with ADHD symptoms. We cite emerging evidence that many NMDs converge on common neurochemical mechanisms that interfere with monoamine neurotransmitter synthesis, transport, metabolism, or receptor functions, mechanisms that are also considered central in ADHD pathophysiology and treatment. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic implications of these findings and propose a path forward to increase our understanding of these relationships.
KW  - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
KW  - Metabolic diseases
KW  - Brain
KW  - Amino acids
KW  - Dopamine
KW  - Norepinephrine
KW  - Energy
KW  - Phenylketonuria (PKU)
KW  - Tyrosinemia
KW  - Mitochondrial dysfunction
Y1  - 2021
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/78469
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-784698
SN  - 0149-7634
VL  - 132.2022
SP  - 838
EP  - 856
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  -