TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stanley, Kieran M.
A1  - Say, Dan
A1  - Mühle, Jens
A1  - Harth, Christina M.
A1  - Krummel, Paul B.
A1  - Young, Dickon
A1  - O'Doherty, Simon
A1  - Salameh, Peter K.
A1  - Simmonds, Peter
A1  - Weiss, Ray F.
A1  - Prinn, Ronald G.
A1  - Fraser, Paul J.
A1  - Rigby, Matthew
T1  - Increase in global emissions of HFC-23 despite near-total expected reductions
T2  - Nature Communications
N2  - Under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, new controls are being implemented to reduce emissions of HFC-23 (CHF3), a by-product during the manufacture of HCFC-22 (CHClF2). Starting in 2015, China and India, who dominate global HCFC-22 production (75% in 2017), set out ambitious programs to reduce HFC-23 emissions. Here, we estimate that these measures should have seen global emissions drop by 87% between 2014 and 2017. Instead, atmospheric observations show that emissions have increased and in 2018 were higher than at any point in history (15.9 ± 0.9 Gg yr−1). Given the magnitude of the discrepancy between expected and observation-inferred emissions, it is likely that the reported reductions have not fully materialized or there may be substantial unreported production of HCFC-22, resulting in unaccounted-for HFC-23 by-product emissions. The difference between reported and observation-inferred estimates suggests that an additional ~309 Tg CO2-equivalent emissions were added to the atmosphere between 2015 and 2017.
KW  - Atmospheric chemistry
Y1  - 2020
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/53113
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-531138
SN  - 2041-1723
N1  - Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
VL  - 11
IS  - 1, Art. 397
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
PB  - Nature Publishing Group UK
CY  - [London]
ER  -