GMS German Medical Science

Ger Med Sci. 4: Doc05

Influence of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) on reduction of local fat and body weight by physical exercise

Frank Möckel*¹, Gerd Hoffmann², Roy Obermüller³, Wolfgang Drobnik⁴, Gerd Schmitz⁵

1. Institute of Prevention and Sports Medicine (IPS), Regensburg, Germany

2. Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Institute of Sports Sciences, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

3. Rehabilitation Center Brüderlein, Regensburg, Germany

4. Integrated Care Center, Weiden, Germany

5. University Regensburg, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Regensburg, Germany

*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Frank Möckel, Institute of Prevention and Sports Medicine (IPS), Im Gewerbepark D50, 93059 Regensburg, Germany, Tel.: 0049-941-46418-0, Fax: 0049-941-46418-27, Homepage: www.ips-regensburg.de, E-mail: fm@ips-regensburg.de

Copyright © 2006 Möckel et al.

Published online: 11 July 2006

Abstract

Aim of the study: Investigation, whether water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation during moderate bicycle ergometer endurance exercise has effects especially on local fat reduction and on weight reduction beyond the effects of ergometer exercise alone.

Methods: Randomised controlled study with 40 obese females (BMI 30-40 (median: 34.5), body weight 76-125 (median: 94.9) kg, age 20-40 (median: 35.5) years, isocaloric nutrition), 20 in the wIRA group and 20 in the control group. In both groups each participant performed 3 times per week over 4 weeks for 45 minutes bicycle ergometer endurance exercise with a constant load according to a lactate level of 2 mmol/l (aerobic endurance load, as determined before the intervention period). In the wIRA group in addition large parts of the body (including waist, hip, and thighs) were irradiated during all ergometries of the intervention period with visible light and a predominant part of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA), using the irradiation unit “Hydrosun® 6000” with 10 wIRA radiators (Hydrosun® Medizintechnik, Müllheim, Germany, radiator type 500, 4 mm water cuvette, yellow filter, water-filtered spectrum 500-1400 nm) around a speed independent bicycle ergometer.

Main variable of interest: change of “the sum of circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs of each patient” over the intervention period (4 weeks). Additional variables of interest: body weight, body mass index BMI, body fat percentage, fat mass, fat-free mass, water mass (analysis of body composition by tetrapolar bioimpedance analysis), assessment of an arteriosclerotic risk profile by blood investigation of variables of lipid metabolism (cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins HDL, low density lipoproteins LDL, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B), clinical chemistry (fasting glucose, alanin-aminotransferase ALT (= glutamyl pyruvic transaminase GPT), gamma-glutamyl-transferase GGT, creatinine, albumin), endocrinology (leptin, adiponectin (= adipo Q), homocysteine, insulin). All variables were at least measured before and after the intervention period. Ergometry (ECG, blood pressure behaviour, lactate curve with power at 2, 3 and 4 mmol/l) before the intervention period. In addition: nutrition training ahead of and during the intervention period with a nutrition protocol over one week for assessment of the daily energy intake; calculation of basic metabolic rate and total energy requirement. Assessment of undesired effects.

Only methods of non-parametric statistics were used, both descriptive (median, percentiles of 25 and 75 (= interquartile range), minimum, maximum) and confirmatory (two-sided Mann-Whitney U test for unpaired samples for the only one main variable of interest). Total error probability: .05 (5%). An intention to treat analysis ITT with last observed carry forward method was used preferably (presented results) and in addition an on treatment analysis OT. Only 2 (treatment group) and 4 (control group) drop-outs occurred (mostly due to lack of time).

Results: The “sum of circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs of each patient” decreased during the 4 weeks significantly more (p<.001) in the wIRA group than in the control group: medians and interquartile ranges: -8.0 cm (-10.5 cm/-4.1 cm) vs. -1.8 cm (-4.4 cm/0.0 cm).

As well “body weight of each patient” decreased during the 4 weeks markedly more in the wIRA group than in the control group: medians and interquartile ranges: -1.9 kg (-4.0 kg/0.0 kg) vs. 0.0 kg (-1.5 kg/+0.4 kg); median of body weight changed from 99.3 kg to 95.6 kg (wIRA) vs. 89.9 kg to 89.6 kg (control). A similar effect showed the body mass index BMI.

Blood variables of interest remained unchanged or showed some slight improvements during the treatment period, concerning most variables with no obvious differences between the two groups; insulin showed a slight trend to decrease in the wIRA group and to increase in the control group.

Undesired effects of the treatment were not seen.

Discussion: The results of the study suggest, that wIRA – during moderate bicycle ergometer endurance exercise as lipolytic stimulus – increases local lipolysis with a local fat reduction (thighs) in the otherwise bradytrophic fatty tissue. The presumably underlying mechanisms of wIRA have already been proven: wIRA acts both by thermal effects and by non-thermal effects. Thermal effects of wIRA are the generation of a therapeutic field of warmth with the increase of tissue temperature, tissue oxygen partial pressure, and tissue blood flow, and by this regional metabolism. As fatty tissue normally has a slow metabolism (bradytrophic and hypothermic tissue) with a low rate of lipolysis, wIRA can increase lipolysis in fatty tissue and the mobilized fats are burned in musculature during the ergometer exercise.

Conclusion: The results of the study indicate, that wIRA irradiation during moderate ergometer endurance exercise can be used – in combination with an appropriate nutrition – to improve body composition, especially local fat distribution, and the reduction of fat and body weight in obese persons.

Introduction

Nowadays, the ubiquity of obesity among the population of Europe and the USA presents an ever increasing problem to the medical community from the point of prevention. A huge part of the population of both sexes through all ages in Germany, 50% of the adults and 20% of the teenagers, must be judged to be overweight. Moreover, unfavorable regional distributions of the body fat – with or without a global obesity – represent an additional esthetic and psychological problem. A normalization of overweight is today a generally accepted target of a health oriented lifestyle. A combination of physical activity and changes in nutrition and behavior is useful and necessary to reach a normalization of overweight and a good fitness [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13]. As 1 kg fat is equivalent to approximately 37,300 kJ and 1 kg fatty tissue to approximately 28,700 kJ and as fatty tissue as bradytrophic and hypothermic tissue has a slow metabolism, natural supporting procedures without drugs to reach a normal weight are worth while to be considered.

Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation (spectrum given in Figure 1 (Fig. 1)) is a scientifically proven procedure with a high energy transfer into tissue without irritating or overheating the skin, similar to sun heat radiation in moderate climatic zones, which is filtered by water vapour in the atmosphere [14]. wIRA – which already has been shown e.g. to improve wound healing in acute and chronic wounds [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], the therapy of warts [14] and of actinic keratosis [21], [22], the body temperature in neonates [23], the regeneration after physical activity [24] (without undesired effects on muscle force and elasticity [25], [26]), and to reduce pain in a variety of diseases [27], [15], [28], [20], [29], [30] – increases contact-freely and depth effectively tissue temperature, tissue oxygen partial pressure and tissue perfusion and by this regional metabolism [15], [17], [18], [19], [20], [29], [31].

Therefore wIRA is suitable to be combined simultaneously with physical activity: a relevant part of the body surface can be irradiated with several wIRA radiators during a moderate bicycle ergometer endurance exercise. An endurance trained muscle covers a larger part of his energy demand by fat than an untrained muscle [32], [2]. Endurance trained persons have a higher insulin sensitivity of the skeletal muscles with consecutively lower insulin concentrations and decreased risks [33], [8], [2]. It seems physiologically plausible, that warming and metabolic increase of fatty tissue by wIRA simultaneously combined with a lipolytic stimulus by a long lasting moderate physical exercise (bicycle ergometer endurance work load) favors regional lipolysis more than physical load alone.

Aim of the study

The aim of the study was to investigate, whether wIRA irradiation during moderate bicycle ergometer endurance exercise has effects especially on local fat reduction (measured as summarized circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs) and on body weight reduction beyond the effects of ergometer exercise alone.

Methods

Randomised controlled study with 40 obese females (BMI 30-40 (median: 34.5), body weight 76-125 (median: 94.9) kg, age 20-40 (median: 35.5) years, isocaloric nutrition, regarding inclusion criteria like ability to perform exercise and exclusion criteria like a list of severe illnesses), 20 in the wIRA group and 20 in the control group. In both groups each participant performed 3 times per week over 4 weeks for 45 minutes bicycle ergometer endurance exercise with a constant load according to a lactate level of 2 mmol/l (aerobic endurance load, as determined before the intervention period). In the wIRA group in addition large parts of the body (including waist, hip, and thighs) were irradiated during all ergometries of the intervention period with visible light and a predominant part of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA), using the irradiation unit “Hydrosun® 6000” (see Figure 2 (Fig. 2)) with 10 wIRA radiators (Hydrosun® radiators, Hydrosun® Medizintechnik, Müllheim, Germany, radiator type 500, 4 mm water cuvette, yellow filter, water-filtered spectrum 500-1400 nm, see Figure 1 (Fig. 1)) around a speed independent bicycle ergometer.

Main variable of interest: change of “the sum of circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs of each patient” over the intervention period (4 weeks). Additional variables of interest: body weight, body mass index BMI, body fat percentage, fat mass, fat-free mass, water mass (analysis of body composition at standardized time fasting in the morning by two scales with tetrapolar bioimpedance analysis, Akern®/Italy, Tanita®/Sindelfingen), assessment of an arteriosclerotic risk profile by blood investigation of variables of lipid metabolism (cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins HDL, low density lipoproteins LDL, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B), clinical chemistry (fasting glucose, alanin-aminotransferase ALT (= glutamyl pyruvic transaminase GPT), gamma-glutamyl-transferase GGT, creatinine, albumin), endocrinology (leptin, adiponectin (= adipo Q), homocysteine, insulin). All variables were at least measured before and after the intervention period. Ergometry (ECG, blood pressure behaviour, lactate curve with power at 2, 3 and 4 mmol/l) before the intervention period. In addition: nutrition training ahead of and during the intervention period with a nutrition protocol over one week for assessment of the daily energy intake (program DGE PC, version 2.9.01, of the German Society of Nutrition); calculation of basic metabolic rate (4 formulas including the two bioimpedance analyses) and total energy requirement. Assessment of undesired effects.

In order to avoid all problems of parametric statistics – e.g. as variables in clinical medicine often show an asymmetrical distribution [14], especially blood concentrations – only methods of non-parametric statistics were used, both descriptive (median, percentiles of 25 and 75 (= interquartile range, IQR), minimum, maximum) and confirmatory (two-sided Mann-Whitney U test for unpaired samples). The total error probability was set to .05 (5%). As only one main variable of interest was defined, no alpha error correction was necessary. Concerning drop-outs an intention to treat analysis ITT (with last observed carry forward method) was used preferably and in addition an on treatment analysis (OT) [34], [35]. As only 2 (treatment group) and 4 (control group) drop-outs occurred (mostly due to lack of time), only slight differences were seen between ITT and OT, therefore only ITT (n=20+20=40) is presented.

This study was carried out according to the principles of the declaration of Helsinki/Hong Kong 1989, the EC-GCP guidelines as well as German regulations including informed consent of each participant ahead of clinical investigations.

Results

The “sum of circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs of each patient” decreased during the 4 weeks significantly more (p<.001) in the wIRA group than in the control group (resulting from equally directed effects at all three body regions): medians and interquartile ranges: -8.0 cm (-10.5 cm/-4.1 cm) vs. -1.8 cm (-4.4 cm/0.0 cm), see Figure 3 (Fig. 3).

As well “body weight of each patient” decreased during the 4 weeks markedly more in the wIRA group than in the control group: -1.9 kg (-4.0 kg /0.0 kg) vs. 0.0 kg (-1.5 kg /+0.4 kg), see Figure 4 (Fig. 4) (as this is not a confirmatorily tested variable, a purely descriptive p<.047 points in an explorative manner towards a difference between the groups); median of body weight changed from 99.3 kg to 95.6 kg (wIRA) vs. from 89.9 kg to 89.6 kg (control). A similar effect showed the body mass index BMI. In addition fat mass decreased more in the wIRA group than in the control group.

Anthropometric variables of interest before and after the treatment period in the wIRA group and the control group are listed in Table 1 (Tab. 1).

Blood variables of interest before and after the treatment period in the wIRA group and the control group are listed in Table 2 (Tab. 2). They remained unchanged or showed some slight improvements during the treatment period, concerning most variables with no obvious differences between the two groups; insulin showed a slight trend to decrease in the wIRA group and to increase in the control group.

Undesired effects of the treatment were seen neither in the wIRA group nor the control group (neither by clinical investigation and questioning nor by analyzing the variables of interest including blood variables). On the contrary, a part of the participants found the wIRA irradiation pleasant and relaxing for the musculature.

Discussion

The results of the study suggest, that wIRA – during moderate bicycle ergometer endurance exercise as lipolytic stimulus – increases local lipolysis: The decrease of the “sum of circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs of each patient” (with special emphasis on the decrease of the circumferences of the thighs) and the decrease of body weight and the decrease of fat mass and body fat percentage in the wIRA group suggest a physiologically relevant local change of body composition (thighs) in the sense of a local fat reduction in the otherwise bradytrophic fatty tissue. The presumably underlying mechanisms of wIRA have already been proven by different working groups and by different methods [19]:

wIRA acts both by thermal effects and by non-thermal effects [14], [17], [19], [20].

Thermal effects of wIRA are the generation of a therapeutic field of warmth with the increase of

tissue temperature (proved in humans by direct measuring of the tissue temperature with stitch probes [36], [37] as well as with implanted probes (in 2 cm of tissue depth in operation wounds, showing approximately 2.7 degrees centigrade increase) [15] and thermographically [29] as well as in addition in animal experiments with stitch probes up to 7 cm of tissue depth [38])

oxygen partial pressure in the tissue (proved in humans by direct oxygen partial pressure measurement in the tissue with implanted probes in operation wounds, showing approximately 30% increase [15], as well as by measuring of the oxygen saturation of the hemoglobin with an external white light-measuring probe)

tissue blood flow/capillary blood flow (proved in humans by blood flow measurement with laser Doppler perfusion imaging (= scanning laser Doppler imaging) [29] and by blood flow measurement in two depths with an external laser Doppler-measuring probe as well as in addition in animal experiments by color microsphere technique up to 7 cm of tissue depth [38])

and by this

tissue metabolism [19].

As fatty tissue normally has a slow metabolism (bradytrophic and hypothermic tissue) with a low rate of lipolysis, wIRA can increase lipolysis in fatty tissue and the mobilized fats are burned in musculature during the ergometer exercise.

In addition non-thermal effects of infrared-A [39], [40], [41], [42], [43] and effects of wIRA on cells including cell protective effects [44], [45], [46] have been described.

The magnitude of the observed effects in the wIRA group is physiologically plausible and the effects do not exceed explicable amounts, especially when taking into account, that wIRA causes e.g. increased tissue temperature until after the end of the irradiation and may induce long lasting metabolic and cellular changes (e.g. 3 times per week for 30 minutes wIRA or 2 times per day for 20 minutes wIRA clearly improved wound healing in randomised controlled studies [15], [19]). Beyond already existing cellular investigations [44], [45], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [46] effects of wIRA on mitochondria and cellular structures and functions will be investigated in the future.

It is impressive, that within the limited intervention period of only 4 weeks (with a total of 12 irradiations in the wIRA group) clear differences between the two groups were seen.

Although this randomised controlled study was not blinded (for technical reasons: the visible radiation can be seen, the infrared radiation can be felt), it can be accepted that the results of this study do not have to be explained as placebo effects, but can be interpreted with some reservations to be valid results, as they are in line with other findings including those of randomised controlled double-blind studies with wIRA [14], [15], [19].

In addition it can be assumed that the effective part of radiation in this study was wIRA and not the visible light VIS, as double-blind studies with wIRA [14], [15], [19] have clearly shown the effects of an irradiation with VIS+wIRA compared to an irradiation with VIS only (using special control group radiators emitting only VIS without wIRA).

The calculated energy requirement was similar in both groups (approximately 2600 kcal). The protocolled daily energy intake was approximately 30% less than the calculated energy requirement, presumably caused by incomplete protocolling by the participants.

As wIRA is able to cause acute positive reactions (like pain reduction) directly during the single irradiation [15], [19] and as ergometer exercise causes immediate changes in blood concentrations [47], it might be interesting to investigate blood variables before and directly after wIRA (or after combined wIRA and ergometer exercise) in further studies.

Conclusions

Under wIRA irradiation during moderate bicycle ergometer endurance exercise (3 times per week for 45 minutes over 4 weeks) the “sum of circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs of each patient” decreased significantly more (p<.001) than during the same exercise without irradiation (control group). Corresponding to this, in the wIRA group the body weight, the body mass index BMI and the fat mass decreased markedly more than in the control group.

The results of the study indicate, that wIRA irradiation during moderate ergometer endurance exercise can be used – in combination with an appropriate nutrition – to improve body composition, especially local fat distribution, and reduction of fat and body weight in obese persons. Longer periods than the investigated 4 weeks can be assumed to be more effective.

Notes

Conflicts of interest: none declared.

Informed consent: Informed consent for the publication of the photograph has been obtained from the represented person.

Table 1 View larger version Table 1. Anthropometric variables of interest before and after the treatment period of 4 weeks in the wIRA group and the control group

Table 2 View larger version Table 2. Blood variables of interest before and after the treatment period of 4 weeks in the wIRA group and the control group

Figure 1View larger versionFigure 1. Spectrum of water-filtered infrared-A radiator (Hydrosun® 500). Calculated for Hydrosun® 500 with 4 mm water cuvette and standard yellow filter at approximately 385 mW/cm₂ (= 3.85 x 10₃ W/m₂) total irradiance intensity (in a distance of 25 cm), from Measurement of University of Applied Sciences Munich, dated June 30, 1999

Figure 2 View larger version Figure 2. Irradiation unit “Hydrosun® 6000” with 10 wIRA radiators (Hydrosun® radiators, radiator type 500, 4 mm water cuvette, yellow filter, water-filtered spectrum 500-1400 nm) around a speed independent bicycle ergometer

Figure 3 View larger version Figure 3. Changes of the “sum of circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs of each patient” (cm) during the 4 weeks (given as minimum, percentiles of 25, median, percentiles of 75, and maximum (box and whiskers graph with the box representing the interquartile range IQR)), n=20+20=40

Figure 4 View larger version Figure 4. Changes of “body weight of each patient“ (kg) during the 4 weeks (given as minimum, percentiles of 25, median, percentiles of 75, and maximum (box and whiskers graph with the box representing the interquartile range IQR)), n=20+20=40

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Table 1. Anthropometric variables of interest before and after the treatment period of 4 weeks in the wIRA group and the control group

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Table 2. Blood variables of interest before and after the treatment period of 4 weeks in the wIRA group and the control group

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Figure 1. Spectrum of water-filtered infrared-A radiator (Hydrosun® 500).

Calculated for Hydrosun® 500 with 4 mm water cuvette and standard yellow filter at approximately 385 mW/cm₂ (= 3.85 x 10₃ W/m₂) total irradiance intensity (in a distance of 25 cm), from Measurement of University of Applied Sciences Munich, dated June 30, 1999

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Figure 2. Irradiation unit “Hydrosun® 6000” with 10 wIRA radiators (Hydrosun® radiators, radiator type 500, 4 mm water cuvette, yellow filter, water-filtered spectrum 500-1400 nm) around a speed independent bicycle ergometer

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Figure 3. Changes of the “sum of circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs of each patient” (cm) during the 4 weeks (given as minimum, percentiles of 25, median, percentiles of 75, and maximum (box and whiskers graph with the box representing the interquartile range IQR)), n=20+20=40

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Figure 4. Changes of “body weight of each patient“ (kg) during the 4 weeks (given as minimum, percentiles of 25, median, percentiles of 75, and maximum (box and whiskers graph with the box representing the interquartile range IQR)), n=20+20=40

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