Open Access

Doenja M. J. Lambregts, Nino Bogveradze, Lennart K. Blomqvist, Emmanouil Fokas, Julio Garcia-Aguilar, Bengt Glimelius, Marc J. Gollub, Tsuyoshi Konishi, Corrie A. M. Marijnen, Iris D. Nagtegaal, Per J. Nilsson, Rodrigo O. Perez, Petur Snaebjornsson, Stuart A. Taylor, Damian J. M. Tolan, Vincenzo Valentini, Nicholas P. West, Albert Wolthuis, Max J. Lahaye, Monique Maas, Geerard Beets, Regina G. H. Beets-Tan

• Objectives: To identify the main problem areas in the applicability of the current TNM staging system (8th ed.) for the radiological staging and reporting of rectal cancer and provide practice recommendations on how to handle them. Methods: A global case-based online survey was conducted including 41 image-based rectal cancer cases focusing on various items included in the TNM system. Cases reaching < 80% agreement among survey respondents were identified as problem areas and discussed among an international expert panel, including 5 radiologists, 6 colorectal surgeons, 4 radiation oncologists, and 3 pathologists. Results: Three hundred twenty-one respondents (from 32 countries) completed the survey. Sixteen problem areas were identified, related to cT staging in low-rectal cancers, definitions for cT4b and cM1a disease, definitions for mesorectal fascia (MRF) involvement, evaluation of lymph nodes versus tumor deposits, and staging of lateral lymph nodes. The expert panel recommended strategies on how to handle these, including advice on cT-stage categorization in case of involvement of different layers of the anal canal, specifications on which structures to include in the definition of cT4b disease, how to define MRF involvement by the primary tumor and other tumor-bearing structures, how to differentiate and report lymph nodes and tumor deposits on MRI, and how to anatomically localize and stage lateral lymph nodes. Conclusions: The recommendations derived from this global survey and expert panel discussion may serve as a practice guide and support tool for radiologists (and other clinicians) involved in the staging of rectal cancer and may contribute to improved consistency in radiological staging and reporting.