Pion condensation in the early universe at nonvanishing lepton flavor asymmetry and its gravitational wave signatures
- We investigate the possible formation of a Bose-Einstein condensed phase of pions in the early Universe at nonvanishing values of lepton flavor asymmetries. A hadron resonance gas model with pion interactions, based on first-principle lattice QCD simulations at nonzero isospin density, is used to evaluate cosmic trajectories at various values of electron, muon, and tau lepton asymmetries that satisfy the available constraints on the total lepton asymmetry. The cosmic trajectory can pass through the pion condensed phase if the combined electron and muon asymmetry is sufficiently large: |le+lμ|≳0.1, with little sensitivity to the difference le−lμ between the individual flavor asymmetries. Future constraints on the values of the individual lepton flavor asymmetries will thus be able to either confirm or rule out the condensation of pions during the cosmic QCD epoch. We demonstrate that the pion condensed phase leaves an imprint both on the spectrum of primordial gravitational waves and on the mass distribution of primordial black holes at the QCD scale, e.g., the black hole binary of recent LIGO event GW190521 can be formed in that phase.
Author: | Volodymyr VovchenkoORCiDGND, Bastian Benjamin BrandtORCiDGND, Francesca CuteriORCiD, Gergely EndrődiORCiDGND, Fazlollah HajkarimORCiDGND, Jürgen Schaffner-BielichORCiDGND |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-837858 |
DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.012701 |
ISSN: | 1079-7114 |
Parent Title (English): | Physical review letters |
Publisher: | APS |
Place of publication: | College Park, Md. |
Document Type: | Article |
Language: | English |
Date of Publication (online): | 2021/01/06 |
Date of first Publication: | 2021/01/06 |
Publishing Institution: | Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg |
Release Date: | 2024/06/03 |
Tag: | Ab initio calculations; Astronomical masses & mass distributions; Bose-Einstein condensates; Evolution of the Universe; Gravitational waves; Lattice QCD; QCD phase transitions; Quantum chromodynamics |
Volume: | 126 |
Issue: | art. 012701 |
Article Number: | 012701 |
Page Number: | 7 |
First Page: | 1 |
Last Page: | 7 |
Note: | Funded by SCOAP3. |
Note: | Funding: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics ; DE-AC02-05CH11231231 |
Note: | Funding: DFG ; CRC-TR 211 ; 315477589-TRR 211 |
Note: | Funding: DFG ; EN 1064/2-1 |
Note: | Funding: Alexander von Humboldt foundation ; Feodor Lynen program |
Note: | Funding: Supporting TAlent in ReSearch@University of Padova (STARS@UNIPD) ; “New Theoretical Tools for Axion Cosmology” |
Institutes: | Physik / Physik |
Dewey Decimal Classification: | 5 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik / 53 Physik / 530 Physik |
Sammlungen: | Universitätspublikationen |
Licence (German): | Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International |