Mohamed Samy Abdallah, Bassam Aboona, Jaroslav Adam, Leszek Adamczyk, Joseph R. Adams, J. Kevin Adkins, Geydar Agakishiev, Ishu Aggarwal, Madan Mohan Aggarwal, Zubayer Ahammed, A. Aitbaev, Igor G. Alekseev, Derek M. Anderson, Alexey Aparin, Elke Caroline Aschenauer, Muhammad Usman Ashraf, F. G. Atetalla, Georgy S. Averichev, Vipul Bairathi, W. Baker, Jonathan Gonzalo Ball Cap, Kenneth Barish, Arabinda Behera, Rene Bellwied, Pratibha Bhagat, Anju Bhasin, Jaroslav Bielčík, Jana Bielčíková, Igor G. Bordyuzhin, James D. Brandenburg, Andrei V. Brandin, Xiang-Zhou Cai, Helen Louise Caines, Manuel Calderón de la Barca Sánchez, Daniel A. Cebra, Irakli Chakaberia, Petr Chaloupka, B. K. Chan, F-H. Chang, Z. Chang, A. Chatterjee, S. Chattopadhyay, D. Chen, J. Chen, J. H. Chen, X. Chen, Z. Chen, J. Cheng, Subikash Choudhury, William Christie, Xiaoxuan Chu, Henry J. Crawford, Máté Csanád, M. Daugherity, T. G. Dedovich, Ingo Martin Deppner, Anatoly A. Derevschikov, A. Dhamija, L. Di Carlo, Lidia Didenko, Prabhupada Dixit, X. Dong, James Lucus Drachenberg, Emilie Duckworth, James C. Dunlop, Jon M. Engelage, Geary Wareham Eppley, ShinIchi Esumi, Olga Y. Evdokimov, A. Ewigleben, Kjeld Oleg Eyser, Renee H. Fatemi, F. M. Fawzi, Salvatore Fazio, C. J. Feng, Yicheng Feng, Evan Finch, Yuri V. Fisyak, Audrey Francisco, C. Fu, Carl A. Gagliardi, Tetyana Galatyuk, Frank Geurts, Navagyan Ghimire, Adam Gibson, Krishan Gopal, X. Gou, David P. Grosnick, Anik Gupta, Włodzimierz Guryn, Ahmed M. Hamed, Y. Han, Szymon Harabasz, Matthew D. Harasty, John W. Harris, Hannah Harrison, S. He, W. He, Xionghong He, Y. He, S. Heppelmann, Norbert Herrmann, E. Hoffman, Lukáš Holub, C. Hu, Q. Hu, Y. Hu, H. Huang, Huan Zhong Huang, Shengli Huang, T. Huang, X. Huang, Y. Huang, Thomas J. Humanic, D. Isenhower, M. Isshiki, William W. Jacobs, Chitrasen Jena, Alexander Jentsch, Yuanjing Ji, Jiangyong Jia, K. Jiang, Xin-Yue Ju, Eleanor G. Judd, Sonia Kabana, M. L. Kabir, Skipper Kagamaster, Dmitry Kalinkin, K. Kang, David Kapukchyan, Kolja Kauder, Hongwei Ke, Declan Keane, Armen Kechechyan, Matthew Kelsey, Daniel P. Kikoła, B. Kimelman, D. Kincses, Ivan Kisel, A. Kiselev, Anders Garritt Knospe, H. S. Ko, L. M. Kočenda, A. Korobitsin, Leszek Krzysztof Kosarzewski, L. Kramarik, Peter Kravtsov, Lokesh Kumar, Shyam Kumar, Raghav Kunnawalkam Elayavalli, Joseph H. Kwasizur, Roy Alphanso Lacey, Shaowei Lan, Jeffery M. Landgraf, Jerome Lauret, Alexei Lebedev, Richard Lednicky, J. H. Lee, Yue Hang Leung, N. Lewis, C. Li, C. Li, W. Li, X. Li, Y. Li, X. Liang, Y. Liang, Robert Licenik, T. Lin, Y. Lin, Michael A. Lisa, F. Liu, H. Liu, H. Liu, P. Liu, Tong Liu, X. Liu, Y. Liu, Z. Liu, Tonko A. Ljubicic, William Joseph Llope, Ronald S. Longacre, E. Loyd, T. Lu, N. S. Lukow, X. F. Luo, L. Ma, R. Ma, Yu-Gang Ma, Niseem Magdy Abdelwahab Abdelrahman, Dukhishyam Mallick, S. L. Manukhov, Spyridon Margetis, Christina Markert, Howard S. Matis, Joel Anthony Mazer, Nikolai G. Minaev, Saskia Mioduszewski, Bedangadas Mohanty, Mriganka Mouli Mouli, Isaac A. Mooney, Dmitry A. Morozov, A. Mukherjee, M. Nagy, J. D. Nam, Md. Nasim, Kishora Nayak, D. Neff, John M. Nelson, Daniel B. Nemes, M. Nie, Grigory A. Nigmatkulov, Takafumi Niida, R. Nishitani, Larisa V. Nogach, Toshihiro Nonaka, A. S. Nunes, Grazyna Janina Odyniec, Akio Ogawa, Saehanseul Oh, Vitaly A. Okorokov, K. Okubo, Brian S. Page, Robert Pak, Jinjin Pan, Ashish Pandav, Ashutosh Kumar Pandey, Yuri Panebratsev, P. Parfenov, A. Paul, Bogdan Pawlik, Diana Pawłowska, Chris Perkins, Jan Marian Pluta, B. R. Pokhrel, Jeffrey Brent Porter, Matthew Posik, V. Prozorova, Navneet Kumar Pruthi, Mariusz Przybycien, Jörn H. Putschke, H. Qiu, Amilkar Quintero, Cameron Racz, Sooraj Krishnan Radhakrishnan, N. Raha, Robert L. Ray, Rosi Jan Reed, Hans Georg Ritter, Monika Robotkova, Juan L. Romero, D. Roy, L. Ruan, Aswini Kumar Sahoo, Nihar Ranjan Sahoo, H. Sako, Sevil Salur, E. Samigullin, Jack H. Sandweiss, Susumu Sato, William B. Schmidke, Norbert Schmitz, Benjamin R. Schweid, Florian Seck, Janet Elizabeth Seger, Richard Seto, Peter Seyboth, N. Shah, Ehtiram Shahaliev, Prashanth V. Shanmuganathan, M. Shao, Tianhao Shao, R. Sharma, Ashik Ikbal Sheikh, D. Y. Shen, Shusu Shi, Y. Shi, Q. Y. Shou, Ernst P. Sichtermann, Rafał Sikora, J. Singh, Subhash Singha, P. Sinha, Michael J. Skoby, Nikolai Smirnov, Yannick Söhngen, William Solyst, Y. Song, Harold. M. Spinka, B. Srivastava, T. D. Shirvel Stanislaus, Maria Stefaniak, David J. Stewart, Michail Nikolaevič Strichanov, Blair Stringfellow, Alexandre Alarcon do Passo Suaide, Michal Šumbera, X. M. Sun, Xu Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Bernd Surrow, Dmitry N. Svirida, Zachary W. Sweger, Paweł Szymański, Aihong Tang, Zebo Tang, Arkadiy Taranenko, Terence J. Tarnowsky, James H. Thomas, Anthony Robert Timmins, David Tlusty, Takahito Todoroki, Mikhail V. Tokarev, C. A. Tomkiel, Stephen Trentalange, Robert E. Tribble, Prithwish Tribedy, Srikanta Kumar Tripathy, Tomas Truhlar, Barbara Antonina Trzeciak, Oleg D. Tsai, Zhoudunming Tu, Thomas Ullrich, David G. Underwood, Isaac Upsal, Gene Van Buren, Jan Vanek, Alexander Nikolaevich Vasiliev, Iouri Vassiliev, Veronica Verkest, Flemming Videbæk, Stanislav Vokal, Sergei Voloshin, F. Wang, G. Wang, J. S. Wang, P. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, Jason C. Webb, Philipp Weidenkaff, Gary D. Westfall, Howard Wieman, Scott W. Wissink, Richard Witt, J. Wu, J. Wu, Y. Wu, B. Xi, Z. G. Xiao, Guannan Xie, W. Xie, H. Xu, N. Xu, Qinghua Xu, Y. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, G. Yan, C. Yang, Q. Yang, S. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Ye, Z. Ye, L. Yi, K. Yip, Y. Yu, Hanna Paulina Zbroszczyk, Wangmei Zha, C. Zhang, Dingwei Zhang, J. Zhang, S. Zhang, S. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. J. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. Zhang, F. Zhao, J. Zhao, M. Zhao, C. Zhou, Y. Zhou, X. Zhu, Maria Katarzyna Żurek, Maksym Zyzak
- The strong force, as one of the four fundamental forces at work in the universe, governs interactions of quarks and gluons, and binds together the atomic nucleus. Notwithstanding decades of progress since Yukawa first developed a description of the force between nucleons in terms of meson exchange, a full understanding of the strong interaction remains a major challenge in modern science. One remaining difficulty arises from the non-perturbative nature of the strong force, which leads to the phenomenon of quark confinement at distance scales on the order of the size of the proton. Here we show that in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, where quarks and gluons are set free over an extended volume, two species of produced vector (spin-1) mesons, namely ϕ and K∗0, emerge with a surprising pattern of global spin alignment. In particular, the global spin alignment for ϕ is unexpectedly large, while that for K∗0 is consistent with zero. The observed spin-alignment pattern and magnitude for the ϕ cannot be explained by conventional mechanisms, while a model with strong force fields accommodates the current data. This is the first time that the strong force field is experimentally supported as a key mechanism that leads to global spin alignment. We extract a quantity proportional to the intensity of the field of the strong force. Within the framework of the Standard Model, where the strong force is typically described in the quark and gluon language of Quantum Chromodynamics, the field being considered here is an effective proxy description. This is a qualitatively new class of measurement, which opens a new avenue for studying the behaviour of strong force fields via their imprint on spin alignment.
MetadatenAuthor: | Mohamed Samy AbdallahORCiDGND, Bassam AboonaORCiDGND, Jaroslav AdamORCiDGND, Leszek AdamczykORCiDGND, Joseph R. AdamsORCiD, J. Kevin Adkins, Geydar AgakishievGND, Ishu AggarwalORCiD, Madan Mohan AggarwalGND, Zubayer AhammedORCiD, A. Aitbaev, Igor G. AlekseevORCiD, Derek M. AndersonORCiD, Alexey AparinORCiD, Elke Caroline AschenauerORCiD, Muhammad Usman AshrafORCiD, F. G. Atetalla, Georgy S. AverichevGND, Vipul BairathiORCiD, W. Baker, Jonathan Gonzalo Ball CapORCiD, Kenneth BarishORCiD, Arabinda BeheraORCiD, Rene BellwiedORCiDGND, Pratibha BhagatORCiD, Anju BhasinORCiD, Jaroslav BielčíkORCiDGND, Jana BielčíkováORCiDGND, Igor G. Bordyuzhin, James D. BrandenburgORCiD, Andrei V. Brandin, Xiang-Zhou CaiORCiD, Helen Louise CainesORCiD, Manuel Calderón de la Barca SánchezORCiD, Daniel A. CebraORCiD, Irakli ChakaberiaORCiD, Petr ChaloupkaORCiD, B. K. Chan, F-H. Chang, Z. Chang, A. Chatterjee, S. Chattopadhyay, D. Chen, J. Chen, J. H. Chen, X. Chen, Z. Chen, J. Cheng, Subikash ChoudhuryORCiD, William ChristieORCiD, Xiaoxuan ChuORCiD, Henry J. CrawfordORCiD, Máté CsanádORCiD, M. Daugherity, T. G. Dedovich, Ingo Martin DeppnerORCiDGND, Anatoly A. Derevschikov, A. DhamijaORCiD, L. Di Carlo, Lidia Didenko, Prabhupada DixitORCiD, X. Dong, James Lucus DrachenbergORCiD, Emilie DuckworthORCiD, James C. DunlopORCiD, Jon M. Engelage, Geary Wareham Eppley, ShinIchi EsumiORCiDGND, Olga Y. EvdokimovORCiD, A. Ewigleben, Kjeld Oleg EyserORCiD, Renee H. FatemiORCiD, F. M. Fawzi, Salvatore FazioORCiD, C. J. Feng, Yicheng FengORCiD, Evan FinchORCiD, Yuri V. FisyakORCiD, Audrey FranciscoORCiD, C. Fu, Carl A. Gagliardi, Tetyana GalatyukORCiDGND, Frank GeurtsORCiD, Navagyan GhimireORCiD, Adam GibsonORCiD, Krishan GopalORCiD, X. Gou, David P. Grosnick, Anik GuptaORCiD, Włodzimierz GurynORCiD, Ahmed M. HamedORCiD, Y. Han, Szymon HarabaszORCiDGND, Matthew D. HarastyORCiD, John W. HarrisORCiDGND, Hannah HarrisonORCiD, S. He, W. He, Xionghong HeORCiD, Y. He, S. Heppelmann, Norbert HerrmannGND, E. Hoffman, Lukáš HolubORCiD, C. Hu, Q. Hu, Y. Hu, H. Huang, Huan Zhong HuangORCiD, Shengli Huang, T. Huang, X. Huang, Y. Huang, Thomas J. HumanicORCiD, D. Isenhower, M. Isshiki, William W. JacobsORCiD, Chitrasen JenaORCiD, Alexander JentschORCiD, Yuanjing JiORCiD, Jiangyong JiaORCiDGND, K. Jiang, Xin-Yue JuGND, Eleanor G. JuddORCiD, Sonia KabanaORCiD, M. L. Kabir, Skipper KagamasterORCiD, Dmitry KalinkinORCiD, K. Kang, David KapukchyanORCiD, Kolja KauderORCiD, Hongwei KeORCiD, Declan KeaneORCiD, Armen Kechechyan, Matthew KelseyORCiD, Daniel P. KikołaORCiD, B. Kimelman, D. Kincses, Ivan KiselORCiDGND, A. Kiselev, Anders Garritt KnospeORCiD, H. S. Ko, L. M. KočendaGND, A. Korobitsin, Leszek Krzysztof KosarzewskiORCiD, L. Kramarik, Peter KravtsovORCiD, Lokesh KumarORCiD, Shyam KumarORCiD, Raghav Kunnawalkam ElayavalliORCiD, Joseph H. Kwasizur, Roy Alphanso LaceyORCiD, Shaowei LanORCiD, Jeffery M. Landgraf, Jerome LauretORCiD, Alexei Lebedev, Richard LednickyORCiD, J. H. Lee, Yue Hang LeungORCiDGND, N. Lewis, C. Li, C. Li, W. Li, X. Li, Y. Li, X. Liang, Y. Liang, Robert LicenikORCiD, T. Lin, Y. Lin, Michael A. LisaORCiDGND, F. Liu, H. Liu, H. Liu, P. Liu, Tong Liu, X. Liu, Y. Liu, Z. Liu, Tonko A. Ljubicic, William Joseph LlopeORCiD, Ronald S. Longacre, E. Loyd, T. Lu, N. S. Lukow, X. F. Luo, L. Ma, R. Ma, Yu-Gang MaORCiD, Niseem Magdy Abdelwahab AbdelrahmanORCiD, Dukhishyam MallickORCiD, S. L. Manukhov, Spyridon MargetisORCiD, Christina MarkertORCiDGND, Howard S. MatisORCiD, Joel Anthony Mazer, Nikolai G. Minaev, Saskia MioduszewskiORCiD, Bedangadas MohantyORCiD, Mriganka Mouli MouliORCiD, Isaac A. MooneyORCiD, Dmitry A. Morozov, A. Mukherjee, M. Nagy, J. D. Nam, Md. Nasim, Kishora NayakORCiD, D. Neff, John M. Nelson, Daniel B. Nemes, M. Nie, Grigory A. NigmatkulovORCiD, Takafumi NiidaORCiD, R. Nishitani, Larisa V. Nogach, Toshihiro NonakaORCiD, A. S. Nunes, Grazyna Janina Odyniec, Akio Ogawa, Saehanseul OhORCiD, Vitaly A. OkorokovORCiD, K. Okubo, Brian S. PageORCiD, Robert Pak, Jinjin PanORCiD, Ashish PandavORCiD, Ashutosh Kumar PandeyORCiD, Yuri Panebratsev, P. Parfenov, A. Paul, Bogdan PawlikORCiD, Diana PawłowskaORCiD, Chris Perkins, Jan Marian Pluta, B. R. Pokhrel, Jeffrey Brent Porter, Matthew PosikORCiD, V. ProzorovaORCiD, Navneet Kumar PruthiORCiD, Mariusz PrzybycienORCiD, Jörn H. PutschkeORCiDGND, H. Qiu, Amilkar QuinteroORCiD, Cameron RaczORCiD, Sooraj Krishnan Radhakrishnan, N. Raha, Robert L. RayORCiD, Rosi Jan ReedORCiD, Hans Georg Ritter, Monika RobotkovaORCiD, Juan L. Romero, D. Roy, L. Ruan, Aswini Kumar SahooORCiD, Nihar Ranjan SahooORCiD, H. Sako, Sevil SalurORCiDGND, E. Samigullin, Jack H. Sandweiss, Susumu Sato, William B. Schmidke, Norbert SchmitzGND, Benjamin R. Schweid, Florian SeckORCiDGND, Janet Elizabeth SegerORCiD, Richard SetoORCiDGND, Peter SeybothORCiDGND, N. Shah, Ehtiram Shahaliev, Prashanth V. ShanmuganathanORCiD, M. Shao, Tianhao ShaoORCiD, R. Sharma, Ashik Ikbal SheikhORCiD, D. Y. Shen, Shusu ShiORCiD, Y. Shi, Q. Y. Shou, Ernst P. SichtermannORCiD, Rafał SikoraORCiD, J. Singh, Subhash SinghaORCiD, P. Sinha, Michael J. Skoby, Nikolai SmirnovORCiD, Yannick SöhngenGND, William Solyst, Y. Song, Harold. M. SpinkaORCiD, B. Srivastava, T. D. Shirvel Stanislaus, Maria StefaniakORCiD, David J. Stewart, Michail Nikolaevič StrichanovORCiDGND, Blair Stringfellow, Alexandre Alarcon do Passo SuaideORCiD, Michal ŠumberaORCiD, X. M. Sun, Xu SunORCiD, Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Bernd SurrowORCiDGND, Dmitry N. SviridaORCiD, Zachary W. SwegerORCiD, Paweł SzymańskiORCiD, Aihong TangORCiD, Zebo TangORCiD, Arkadiy TaranenkoORCiD, Terence J. TarnowskyORCiD, James H. ThomasORCiD, Anthony Robert TimminsORCiD, David Tlusty, Takahito TodorokiORCiD, Mikhail V. Tokarev, C. A. Tomkiel, Stephen TrentalangeORCiD, Robert E. Tribble, Prithwish TribedyORCiDGND, Srikanta Kumar TripathyORCiD, Tomas TruhlarORCiD, Barbara Antonina TrzeciakORCiD, Oleg D. Tsai, Zhoudunming TuORCiD, Thomas UllrichORCiDGND, David G. UnderwoodORCiD, Isaac Upsal, Gene Van BurenORCiD, Jan VanekORCiD, Alexander Nikolaevich Vasiliev, Iouri VassilievORCiD, Veronica VerkestORCiD, Flemming VidebækORCiD, Stanislav Vokal, Sergei VoloshinORCiDGND, F. Wang, G. Wang, J. S. Wang, P. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, Jason C. WebbORCiD, Philipp WeidenkaffGND, Gary D. WestfallGND, Howard Wieman, Scott W. WissinkORCiD, Richard WittORCiD, J. Wu, J. Wu, Y. Wu, B. Xi, Z. G. Xiao, Guannan XieORCiD, W. Xie, H. Xu, N. Xu, Qinghua XuORCiD, Y. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, G. Yan, C. Yang, Q. Yang, S. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Ye, Z. Ye, L. Yi, K. Yip, Y. Yu, Hanna Paulina ZbroszczykORCiD, Wangmei ZhaORCiD, C. Zhang, Dingwei ZhangORCiD, J. Zhang, S. Zhang, S. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. J. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. Zhang, F. Zhao, J. Zhao, M. Zhao, C. Zhou, Y. Zhou, X. Zhu, Maria Katarzyna ŻurekORCiDGND, Maksym ZyzakGND |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-848964 |
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URL: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02302v2 |
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DOI: | https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2204.02302 |
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ArXiv Id: | http://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02302v2 |
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Parent Title (English): | arXiv |
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Publisher: | arXiv |
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Document Type: | Preprint |
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Language: | English |
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Date of Publication (online): | 2022/04/18 |
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Date of first Publication: | 2022/04/18 |
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Publishing Institution: | Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg |
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Creating Corporation: | STAR Collaboration |
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Release Date: | 2024/08/12 |
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Issue: | 2204.02302v2 |
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Edition: | Version 2 |
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Page Number: | 43 |
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Institutes: | Wissenschaftliche Zentren und koordinierte Programme / Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) |
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Dewey Decimal Classification: | 5 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik / 53 Physik / 530 Physik |
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Sammlungen: | Universitätspublikationen |
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Licence (German): | Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International |
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