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Through the use of information about the biological target structure, the optimization of potential drugs can be improved. In this work I have developed a procedure that uses the quantitative change in the chemical perturbations (CSP) in the protein from NMR experiments for driving protein-ligand docking. The approach is based on a hybrid scoring function (QCSPScore) which combines traditional DrugScore potentials, which describe the interaction between protein and ligand, with Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient, which evaluates docking poses in terms of their agreement with experimental CSP. Prediction of the CSP for a specific ligand pose is done efficiently with an empirical model, taking into account only ring current effects. QCSPScore has been implemented in the AutoDock software package. Compared to previous methods, this approach shows that the use of rank correlation coefficient is robust to outliers. In addition, the prediction of native-like complex geometries improved because the CSP are already being used during the docking process, and not only in a post-filtering setting for generated docking poses. Since the experimental information is guaranteed to be quantitatively used, CSP effectively contribute to align the ligand in the binding pocket. The first step in the development of QCSPScore was the analysis of 70 protein-ligand complexes for which reference CSP were computed. The success rate in the docking increased from 71% without involvement of CSP to 100% if CSP were considered at the highest weighting scheme. In a second step QCSPScore was used in re-docking three test cases, for which reference experimental CSP data was available. Without CSP, i.e. in the use of conventional DrugScore potentials, none of the three test cases could be successfully re-docked. The integration of CSP with the same weighting factor as described above resulted in all three cases successfully re-docked. For two of the three complexes, native-like solutions were only produced if CSP were considered.Conformational changes in the binding pockets of up to 2 Å RMSD did not affect the success of the docking. QCSPScore will be particularly interesting in difficult protein-ligand complexes. They are in particular those cases in which the shape of the binding pocket does not provide sufficient steric restraints such as in flat protein-protein interfaces and in the virtual screening of small chemical fragments.
The formation and maintenance of a defined three-dimensional structure is a prerequisite for most proteins in order to fulfill their function in the native context. However, there are proteins, which are intrinsically unstructured and thus natively unfolded. In addition, the misfolding and aggregation of many proteins can lead to severe diseases. The investigation of non-native states of proteins significantly contributes to the understanding of protein folding and misfolding. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the only known technique that can provide information on structure and dynamics of non-native states of proteins at atomic resolution. Unfolded and non-native states of proteins have to be treated as ensembles of rapidly interconverting conformers and their observed properties are ensemble and time averaged. In this thesis, hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and mutants thereof have been investigated by NMR spectroscopy. The reduction of its four disulfide bridges and the successive methylation of the cysteine residues renders HEWL permanently non-native (‘HEWL-SMe’). Alternatively, the exchange of the eight cysteines for alanines results in very similar states (‘all-Ala-HEWL’). Under these conditions, HEWL-SMe and all-Ala-HEWL do not resemble random coil conformations, but exhibit residual secondary and tertiary structure. The presence of hydrophobic clusters and long-range interactions around the proteins six tryptophan residues and the modulation of these properties by single-point mutants has been observed. For the NMR spectroscopic investigation, HEWL has been isotopically labelled in E. coli by expression into inclusion bodies. After purification, the 1HN, 15NH, 13Calpha, 13Cbeta, 13C’, 1Halpha and 1Hbeta resonances of HEWL-SMe and all-Ala-HEWL have been assigned almost completely using three-dimensional NMR experiments. The analysis of secondary chemical shifts revealed regions in the proteins sequence — particularly around the six tryptophan residues—with significantly populated alpha-helix like conformations. In order to further elucidate the influence of the tryptophan side chains, a set of two new pulse sequences has been developed that allowed for the successful assignment of the 13Cg, 15Ne and 1HNe resonances in these side chains. This knowledge was eventually exploited in the interpretation of two-dimensional 15N-1H photo-CIDNP spectra, which revealed a differential solvent accessibility of the tryptophan residues in all-Ala-HEWL but not in the single point mutant W62G-all-Ala-HEWL. In addition, heteronuclear R2 relaxation rates have been determined for the indole 15Ne nuclei of all-Ala-HEWL and W62G. While in the wild-type like all-Ala-HEWL, the rates are different among the six tryptophan residues, in W62G they are more uniform. Together with relaxation data from the amide backbone, these results indicate the significant destabilization of the hydrophobic clusters in the absence of W62. In contrast, in the W108G mutant the profile of the R2 relaxation rates was not found to be significantly altered. No evidence was found by R1rho relaxation rates and relaxation dispersion measurements for conformational exchange on slower (micro- to millisecond) timescales. Residual dipolar couplings have been determined for non-native HEWL in order to retrieve structural information of these states. The differences of the W62G and the wild-type like non-native HEWL is also picked up in NH-RDCs of these proteins aligned in polyacrylamide gels. Significant positive RDCs are observed in the regions of the hydrophobic clusters in all-Ala-HEWL, but to a much lesser degree in W62G. So far, all attempts to simulate RDCs from generated non-native ensembles failed even when including long-range contacts or specific phi/psi backbone angle propensities. However, the measured RDCs can be used to cross-validate structural ensembles of non-native HEWL generated by molecular dynamics simulations that are based on restraints from the other experimental data, such as the differential solvent accessibilities from the photo-CIDNP experiments and the data on the hydrophobic clustering gained from the combined mutational and relaxation studies. Finally, non-native HEWL has been investigated for the first time using two-dimensional NMR in organic solvents, which are able to induce secondary structures and ultimately lead to amyloid formation. Under these conditions severe line broadening was observed, which was attributed to exchange between different — mostly a-helical— conformations. In summary, in this thesis methods have been developed, optimized and successfully applied for the structural and dynamical characterization of non-native states of proteins and the effect of single-point mutants on the properties of such ensembles has been investigated. Data has been gained that can considerably contribute to the further elucidation of the nature of non-native states of HEWL by molecular dynamics simulations.
Für das Verständnis der Proteinfaltung ist es von Interesse, die phi,psi-Torsionswinkelverteilung und deren Abhängigkeiten innerhalb einer Polypeptidkette zu kennen. Mit der in dieser Arbeit verwendeten Kombination aus MD-Simulation und NMR-Spektroskopie wird die Abhängigkeit der Konformationsverteilung kurzer alaninbasierter Modellpeptide mit einer Genauigkeit von 5 % bestimmt. Die Berechnung der thermischen Populationen der einzelnen Konformationen beruht auf einer Minimierung der Differenz aus experimentellen und berechneten skalaren Kopplungskonstanten. Trialanin populiert überwiegend den Bereich der Polyprolin Typ II Helix (~ 90 %) und daneben den beta-Faltblattbereich mit ca. 10%, jedoch nicht den alphaR-helicalen Bereich. Diese Konformationsverteilung ändert sich nicht signifikant mit zunehmender Kettenlänge in der Peptidreihe Ala3 bis Ala7. Das in der Seitenkette verzweigte Trivalin populiert dagegen alle drei Konformationsbereiche signifikant. Aufgrund der Periodizität der Torsionswinkel populiert Triglycin einen zusammenhängenden Bereich, der sich an den vier Ecken des Ramachandran-Diagramms befindet. Zudem befindet es sich in einem langsamen konformationellen Gleichgewicht zwischen der cis- und trans-Konformation der Peptidbindung. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Konformationsverteilung wird am Beispiel von Trialanin untersucht. Die 3J(HN,Ha) Kopplungskonstanten nehmen linear mit der Temperatur zu. Dies ist auf eine Zunahme des beta-Faltblattanteils zurückzuführen und kann theoretisch beschrieben werden. Die Konformationsverteilung der Trialaninsequenz innerhalb einer heteropolymeren Aminosäuresequenz ist von der Kettenlänge der an dem N- und C-Terminus angefügten heteropolymeren Aminosäuresequenz abhängig. Dies wird an zwei Peptiden, abgeleitet von der Sequenz des Proteins Lysozym aus Hühnereiweiß, gezeigt. Das kürzere Peptid hat an beiden Enden jeweils drei Aminosäurereste angefügt, das längere jeweils acht Aminosäurereste. Die Konformationsverteilung der Trialanisequenz des kürzeren Peptids entspricht nahezu der in der Peptidreihe Ala3 bis Ala7. Die Verteilung des längeren Peptids ist dagegen deutlich verschieden (~ 35% alphaR-helicaler Anteil). Die 1HN und 15N chemischen Verschiebungen der Trialaninsequenz des längeren Peptids sind mit denen des entfalteten Lysozym-Proteins identisch und demzufolge aller wahrscheinlichkeit nach auch die Konformationsverteilung. Kurze homopolymere Peptide eignen sich deshalb nicht als Modell für Aminosäuresequenzen in längeren heteropolymeren Peptiden.
Im Mittelpunkt magnetischer Momente : Frankfurt führt das europäische Zentrum für Kernspinresonanz
(2006)
Die Kernspinresonanz (NMR) ist ein Phänomen, das einen präzisen Blick in das Innere der Materie erlaubt. Für Chemiker und Biologen hat ihre Messung im Laufe der vergangenen 50 Jahre immer mehr Bedeutung gewonnen. Die analytische Präzision hat ihren Preis: Ein hochauflösendes NMR-Spektrometer kostet 6,4 Millionen Euro. Auch deshalb haben sich fünf europäische NMR-Zentren jetzt zu einem Großforschungsverbund zusammengeschlossen; unter Federführung Frankfurts und gefördert von der Europäischen Union – damit die Spitzenstellung Europas auf dem Gebiet der NMR-Forschung erhalten und ausgebaut werden kann.