TY  - JOUR
A1  - Leal Monteiro Paraiso, Rafael
A1  - Watanabe, Ayahisa
A1  - Andreas, Cord J.
A1  - Turner, David
A1  - Zane, Patricia
A1  - Dressman, Jennifer B.
T1  - In-vitro–in-silico investigation of the negative food effect of zolpidem when administered as immediate-release tablets
T2  - Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
N2  - Objectives: The main objective of the present work was to combine in vitro and in silico tools to better understand the in vivo behavior of the immediate release (IR) formulation of zolpidem in the fasted and fed states. 
Methods: The dissolution of zolpidem was evaluated using biorelevant media simulating the gastric and intestinal environment in the fasted and fed states. Additionally, the influence of high viscosity and high fat content on the release of zolpidem under fed state conditions was investigated. The in vitro results were combined with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model constructed with Simcyp to simulate the zolpidem pharmacokinetic profile in both prandial states. 
Key findings: In vitro biorelevant dissolution experiments representing the fasted and fed states, combined with PBPK modelling, were able to simulate the plasma profiles from the clinical food effect studies well. Experiments reflecting the pH and fat content of the meal led to a good prediction of the zolpidem plasma profile in the fed state, whereas increasing the viscosity of the gastric media led to an under-prediction. 
Conclusions: This work demonstrates that the combination of biorelevant dissolution testing and PBPK modelling is very useful for understanding the in-vivo behavior of zolpidem in the fasted and fed states. This approach could be implemented in the development of other drugs exhibiting negative food effects, saving resources and bringing new drug products to the market faster.
KW  - biorelevant dissolution
KW  - food effect
KW  - in-vitro–in-vivo correlation
KW  - PBPK modelling
KW  - zolpidem
Y1  - 2019
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/54678
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-546782
VL  - 71
SP  - 1663
EP  - 1676
PB  - Royal Pharmaceutical Society
CY  - London
ER  -