TY  - JOUR
A1  - Karger, Annika
A1  - Nandigama, Rajender
A1  - Stenzinger, Albrecht
A1  - Grimminger, Friedrich
A1  - Pullamsetti, Soni
A1  - Seeger, Werner
A1  - Savai, Rajkumar
T1  - Hidden treasures: macrophage long non-coding RNAs in lung cancer progression
T2  - Cancers
N2  - Simple Summary: Cancer immunotherapy mainly targets immune system components, such as immune-suppressive networks generated by cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Programmed cell death ligand 1, which is a secretory immune-suppressive factor, is released by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The TME also disrupts production of tumor-specific T cells and generates immunosuppressive leukocytes, regulatory T cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective in various cancers but only in a subset of patients. Non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are dysregulated in cancer through transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic changes and have significant roles in cancer initiation and progression, which depends on deregulation of lncRNA expression. TAM function can be influenced by lncRNAs in various ways. However, our understanding of lncRNA dysregulation and function in cancer remains in the early stage.

Abstract: Ever since RNA sequencing of whole genomes and transcriptomes became available, numerous RNA transcripts without having the classic function of encoding proteins have been discovered. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with a length greater than 200 nucleotides were considered as “junk” in the beginning, but it has increasingly become clear that lncRNAs have crucial roles in regulating a variety of cellular mechanisms and are often deregulated in several diseases, such as cancer. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and has a survival rate of less than 10%. Immune cells infiltrating the tumor microenvironment (TME) have been shown to have a great effect on tumor development with macrophages being the major cell type within the TME. Macrophages can inherit an inflammatory M1 or an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Tumor-associated macrophages, which are predominantly polarized to M2, favor tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In this review, we aimed to describe the complex roles and functions of lncRNAs in macrophages and their influence on lung cancer development and progression through the TME.
KW  - lncRNA
KW  - macrophage
KW  - TAM
KW  - lung cancer
KW  - tumor microenvironment
Y1  - 2021
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/62191
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-621910
SN  - 2072-6694
N1  - This work was supported by the Max Planck Society, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and DFG, SFB 1213 (Project A01, A05 to SSP and Project A10* to RS), and European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator Grant (#866051 to SSP). grant numbers.
VL  - 13.2021
IS  - 16, art. 4127
SP  - 1
EP  - 20
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  -