TY  - JOUR
A1  - Moreno-Oyervides, Aldo
A1  - Martín-Mateos, Pedro
A1  - Aguilera-Morillo, M. Carmen
A1  - Ulisse, Giacomo
A1  - Arriba, María C.
A1  - Durban, María
A1  - Rio, Marcela del
A1  - Larcher, Fernando
A1  - Krozer, Viktor
A1  - Acedo, Pablo
T1  - Early, non-invasive sensing of sustained hyperglycemia in mice using millimeter-wave spectroscopy
T2  - Sensors
N2  - Diabetes is a very complex condition affecting millions of people around the world. Its occurrence, always accompanied by sustained hyperglycemia, leads to many medical complications that can be greatly mitigated when the disease is treated in its earliest stage. In this paper, a novel sensing approach for the early non-invasive detection and monitoring of sustained hyperglycemia is presented. The sensing principle is based on millimeter-wave transmission spectroscopy through the skin and subsequent statistical analysis of the amplitude data. A classifier based on functional principal components for sustained hyperglycemia prediction was validated on a sample of twelve mice, correctly classifying the condition in diabetic mice. Using the same classifier, sixteen mice with drug-induced diabetes were studied for two weeks. The proposed sensing approach was capable of assessing the glycemic states at different stages of induced diabetes, providing a clear transition from normoglycemia to hyperglycemia typically associated with diabetes. This is believed to be the first presentation of such evolution studies using non-invasive sensing. The results obtained indicate that gradual glycemic changes associated with diabetes can be accurately detected by non-invasively sensing the metabolism using a millimeter-wave spectral sensor, with an observed temporal resolution of around four days. This unprecedented detection speed and its non-invasive character could open new opportunities for the continuous control and monitoring of diabetics and the evaluation of response to treatments (including new therapies), enabling a much more appropriate control of the condition.
KW  - millimeter-wave spectroscopy
KW  - sustained hyperglycemia
KW  - non-invasive diagnosis techniques
KW  - early diabetes detection
KW  - functional principal component analysis
Y1  - 2019
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/50815
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-508151
SN  - 1424-8220
N1  - This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
VL  - 19
IS  - 15, Art. 3347
SP  - 1
EP  - 12
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  -