TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lackmann, Carina
A1  - Velki, Mirna
A1  - Bjedov, Dora
A1  - Seiler, Thomas-Benjamin
A1  - Hollert, Henner
T1  - Commercial preparations of pesticides exert higher toxicity and cause changes at subcellular level in earthworm Eisenia andrei
T2  - Environmental sciences Europe
N2  - Background: The environmental impact of pesticides has been an increasingly discussed issue over the last decades. Constant usage of pesticides presents a burden for soil and causes a decrease in its health, including the negative effects on earthworms which are indicators for soil quality. The objective of this research was the assessment of the effects of two insecticides and two herbicides on the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Namely, the following active ingredients and respective commercial preparations were investigated: esfenvalerate (Sumialfa), thiacloprid (Calypso), dimethenamid-p (Frontier) and prosulfocarb (Filon). Lethal concentrations (48 h) of both active ingredient and commercial preparations were determined using the filter paper contact test. Results: The results showed that Calypso and Frontier were significantly more toxic than the active ingredient. Therefore, all further measurements were performed after exposure of earthworms to the commercial preparations of the pesticides. Specifically, several enzymatic biomarkers and multixenobiotic resistance activity were assessed. Additionally, a fluorescence-based assay for the determination of oxidative stress was established. Significant changes were detected for catalase, carboxylesterase and multixenobiotic activities after 48-h exposures. Also, a significant change in oxidative stress parameters could be observed for both Calypso and Frontier. Conclusions: The obtained results show that commercial preparations can be more toxic than the active ingredients, and the formulations being distributed in the environment can affect earthworms on a molecular level already after short exposures. This emphasizes the importance of a more integrated eco-toxicological assessment of commercial pesticide preparations not to underestimate their effects on the environment.
KW  - Earthworms
KW  - Commercial pesticide preparations
KW  - Acute toxicity
KW  - Oxidative stress
KW  - Multixenobiotic resistance activity
Y1  - 2021
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/63716
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-637169
SN  - 2190-4715
N1  - Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The authors kindly thank the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU, German Federal Environmental Foundation) for a personal scholarship granted to Carina Lackmann and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for an equipment grant awarded to Dr. Mirna Velki.
VL  - 33
IS  - art. 12
SP  - 1
EP  - 15
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin ; Heidelberg
ER  -