To preserve the required beam quality in an e+/e- collider it is necessary to have a very precise beam position control at each accelerating cavity. An elegant method to avoid additional length and beam disturbance is the usage of signals from existing HOM-dampers. The magnitude of the displacement is derived from the amplitude of a dipole mode whereas the sign follows from the phase comparison of a dipole and a monopole HOM. To check the performance of the system, a measurement setup has been built with an antenna which can be moved with micrometer resolution to simulate the beam. Furthermore we have developed a signal processing to determine the absolute beam displacement. Measurements on the HOM-damper cell can be done in the frequency domain using a network analyser. Final measurements with the nonlinear time dependent signal processing circuit has to be done with very short electric pulses simulating electron bunches. Thus, we have designed a sub nanosecond pulse generator using a clipping line and the step recovery effect of a diode. The measurement can be done with a resolution of about 10 micrometers. Measurements and numerical calculations concerning the monitor design and the pulse generator are presented.
To explain the principle of operation, we take a look to the modes of
a single pillbox resonator. On the one hand, the monopole modes have a nearly
constant longitudinal electrical field near the axis. Therefore their excitation
by a bunch of charged particles does not depend on the displacement. The
amplitude after a passing of a bunch is proportional to the charge of the
bunch, the starting phase is independent of the displacement. On the other
hand, the dipole modes have no longitudinal electrical field on the axis.
Off-axis the field rises with the first Bessel function. Near the axis,
the amplitude after a passing of a bunch is proportional to the magnitude
of displacement and the charge, the starting phase (0°/180°) depends
on the sign of the displacement.
So we can use the complex amplitude of a dipole mode to measure the absolute
beam position in one azimuthal direction. A higher monopole mode serves
as a phase reference to detect sign of bunch displacement. The accelerating
mode is not useful for this purpose since amplitude is dominated by the
klystrons.
One possibility for the choice of a suitable monopole mode is the TM011
pillbox mode. Due to the fact of different frequencies of the TM011
and TM110 mode phase comparison of both modes is very difficult.
This method was described in a preceding paper [1].
To simplify the method it is desirable to have the same frequency for both
modes. This would simplify the synchronisation with the bunch and reduces
the number of intermediate frequency stages which leads to a considerable
reduction of costs. Figure 3 shows the
signal processing scheme of both methods. Thus one needs an additional monopole-like
mode with the frequency of the TM110 dipole mode. This is ensured
by the presence of reflections in waveguide corners of the HOM-damping system
attached (see for example the SBLC [2]
HOM-damping system).
One suitable mode was found by a MAFIA-simulation (eigenmode solver) of
the coupler cell closed by electrical boundaries within the iris and waveguide
flanges. The mode on the left hand side of Figure 8
is the desired monopole mode with electrical field on axis. On the left
hand side of Figure 7 one sees the dipole
pillbox mode geometry changed by the damping system attached. Due to the
strong damping effect on both modes, the resonance curves are widely overlapped.
Thus one can choose a frequency near both resonances. To proof the existence
of the monopole mode and their coupling to the beam a MAFIA time domain
simulations have been done.
For the measurements the beam was simulated by a movable antenna nearby
the axis. Therefore a positioning system has been build with a mechanical
resolution of 1.23 micrometers (Figure 1
and 2). As long as all components of the signal
processing electronics are linear and time invariant, the measurements can
be done in frequency domain. During the measurements the RF-source was connected
to the movable antenna. The signals of the modes were detected by two pick-up
antennas mounted in the waveguides of the damping system. The separation
of monopole and dipole signals were done by a 180° ring hybrid which
delivers the sum and the difference of the signals. Figure 5 shows magnitude
and phase of the transmission from the movable antenna (A-Port) to the Sum-
(monopole signal) and the Delta-Port (dipole signal) of the hybrid depending
on the position of the input antenna. As expected, the dipole signal rises
linearly with the magnitude of displacement and the phase between monopole
and dipole signal jumps by 180° at zero displacement. Furthermore the
result shows a much stronger coupling to the monopole than the dipole mode.
Even at positions far off axis (1.5 mm) the monopole transmission is
two times the dipole transmission. Thus it is clearly shown that the 180°
ring hybrid is necessary.
Figure 6 shows the ratio of dipole to
monopole transmission in magnitude and phase with the maximum resolution
of the positioning system. This measurement was performed at optimum frequency
of 4.197 GHz. We found a phase jump within 1.23 micrometers on axis.
Apart from the optimum frequency the minimum is flatter and is further away
from zero. Due to the fact of mechanical tolerances of the damping system,
the electrical axes of the monopole and the dipole modes are different (Figure 5). Thus the electrical field of the monopole
mode is not constant near the axis of the dipole mode. Together with the
limited isolation of the hybrid the signal is not symmetric, which causes
a relative inaccuracy of 6 % of the beam displacement.
Further measurements with the nonlinear time dependent signal processing
circuit have to be done with very short electric pulses simulating electron
bunches.
The requirements to produce a short pulse are small transition time and
small pulsewidth. A 10 MHz oscillator pulse is shaped by a clipping line
and the transition time is shortened by a step recovery diode. The pulse
generator is realized on a single microstrip line printed circuit board
completely. The schematic configuration is shown in Figure 9.
The step recovery diode can be described as fast switch reducing the fall
time of the oscillator pulse. A forward bias IF stores charge and the negative
oscillator pulse, powered by two V-MOSFETs, causes a reverse bias IR which
depletes this charge, and when fully depleted the step recovery diode ceases
to conduct current. The action of turning off takes place within 100 ps
or less depending on forward and reverse bias and the specific carrier life
time of the diode.
The clipping line changes the falling edge into a pulse, and pulse length
is given by two times the delay of the clipping line which has to be longer
than two times the rise time of negative edge. Otherwise the resulting pulse
height decreases. To avoid multiple reflections the entrance of the clipping
line, seen from the short end, should be matched. But due to presence of
the diode capacity and parasitic inductances of the MOSFETs perfect matching
is impossible. The effect of multiple reflections on the resulting pulse
can be seen in Figure 9, after the desired
negative pulse, which ends around 800 ps, the signal is oscillating
around zero.
One possibility to get rid of the undesired multiple reflections caused
by the mismatch of the clipping line is to connect the diode directly to
the common drain of the MOSFETs. The disadvantages are now the parasitic
inductances and capacities of the MOSFETs which influence the pulse stronger
than before. On the other hand due to the inductances the pulse height is
increased. Additionally length and impedance of the clipping line were optimized
to achieve a more proper pulse. This is ensured by destructive interferences
eliminating the parasitic oscillations. Furthermore leading parasitic oscillations
can be minimized using a second line with an open end. All these precautions
were verified numerically with the program SPICE [4]
and are not yet realized experimentally. The configuration and the results
are presented in Figure 10.
The resolution of the HOM-damper beam position monitor is limited by
strongly excited monopole modes. It has been shown that a resolution of
10 µm seems possible. The relative inaccuracy caused by the axes
offset of the monopole mode, which is in the order of 6 %, can be decreased
by the construction of a new HOM-damping system which can be machined more
precisely. Furthermore an inaccuracy due to the evanescent accelerating
mode in the HOM-damping waveguides is expected. But this influence depends
strongly on the signal processing electronics and has not yet been proven.
For measurements with the pulse generator the new proposed setup (Figure 10) will be built and tested.
This concept of a beam position monitor can be applied to any high energy
cavity type linac with symmetric HOM-damping system. Due to the synchronisation
with a higher monopole mode, external synchronisation to the timing system
of the linac is not necessary. Thus beam position monitoring is also possible
in non accelerating cavities.
[1] C. Peschke, P. Hülsmann, H. Klein, W.F.O. Müller: "Beam Position Monitoring for SBLC Using HOM-Coupler Signals"; proceedings of the 5th European Particle Accelerator Conference (EPAC 96); Sitges (Spain), 1996
[2] R. Brinkmann et al.: "Conceptual Design of a 500 GeV e+/e--Linear Collider with Integrated X-Ray Laser Facility", DESY 97-048, Hamburg (Germany), 1997
[3] T. Weiland et al.: "Solutions of Maxwell's Equations using the Finite Integration Algorithm"; Version 3.2; Darmstadt 1993
[4] "Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis"; Version 3f4; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berklay, California 1993
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