Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy

Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 10: 19-25

Improvement of impaired diastolic left ventricular function after diet-induced weight reduction in severe obesity

Sevda Karimian¹, Juergen Stein², Boris Bauer³, Claudius Teupe¹

1. Department of Medicine – Cardiology

2. Department of Medicine – Gastroenterology

3. Department of Radiology, Krankenhaus Sachsenhausen, Teaching Hospital of Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

Correspondence: Claudius Teupe, Department of Internal Medicine – Cardiology, Krankenhaus Sachsenhausen, Teaching Hospital of Goethe University Frankfurt, Schulstrasse 31, D-60594 Frankfurt, Germany, Tel +49 69 6605 1100, Fax +49 69 6605 29 1100, Email Teupe@em.uni-frankfurt.de

© 2017 Karimian et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S124541

Published online: 07 January 2017

Abstract

Background/objectives

Obesity is independently associated with left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction and altered cardiac morphology. Morbidity and mortality in patients with diastolic dysfunction are similar to values observed in patients with systolic heart failure. We hypothesized that dysfunctional cardiac responses in people with obesity are reversible after weight loss. Thus, we studied the effect of dietary weight reduction on LV diastolic function as well as on cardiac structure using transthoracic echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).

Subjects/methods

Thirty-two subjects with obesity underwent a 12-week low-calorie fasting phase of a formula diet. Echocardiographic tissue Doppler indices of diastolic function and measurements of cardiac size were obtained prior to and after the fasting phase.

Results

A 12-week diet significantly reduced body mass index from 40.3 ± 6.6 kg/m² to 33.2 ± 6.1 kg/m² (p < 0.01). Weight loss was associated with a significant reduction in blood pressure and heart rate. Echocardiography revealed diastolic dysfunction in subjects with obesity, which was improved by dieting. After weight loss, trans-mitral Doppler echocardiography showed a significant reduction in A-wave velocity, from 65.8 ± 19.2 cm/s to 57.0 ± 16.8 cm/s, and an increase in E/A ratio from 1.2 ± 0.4 to 1.4 ± 0.5 (p < 0.01). TDI displayed a significantly lower a′-wave velocity (10.3 ± 2.3 cm/s and 8.9 ± 1.7 cm/s; p < 0.01). Left atrial and LV dimensions were normal and remained unchanged after weight loss.

Conclusion

Obesity is associated with diastolic dysfunction. A 12-week low-calorie diet with successful weight loss can reduce blood pressure and heart rate and partially normalize diastolic dysfunction.

Background

Obesity and associated comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes result in significant changes in the cardiovascular system. Currently, obesity is classified on the basis of body mass index (BMI), and patients with BMI >30 kg/m² are considered obese. A BMI >30 kg/m² is associated with premature atherosclerosis, increased risk of myocardial infarction, heart failure, and decreased survival.1,2 Although BMI is a useful predictor, other factors, including the adiposity distribution, degree of visceral or ectopic fat burden, and percentage of body fat, have an influence on clinical disease expression.3

Recent studies have demonstrated that obesity is associated with cardiac dysfunction. In several echocardiographic studies, the presence of mild systolic and diastolic dysfunction in obese individuals has been reported.4,5 Morbidity and mortality in patients with diastolic dysfunction are similar to values observed in patients with systolic heart failure.6 Importantly, these alterations in cardiovascular structure and function have also been shown to be reversible with weight loss strategies such as bariatric surgery resulting in a decreased cardiovascular risk.7–10

We hypothesized that dysfunctional cardiac responses in obese subjects are reversible after substantial weight loss via a low-calorie diet program. Thus, we studied the effect of weight reduction on left ventricular (LV) diastolic function as well as on cardiac structure using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).

Methods

Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the State Medical Association (approval number FF 112/2015). All participants provided written informed consent.

Patient population and study design

Initially, 54 patients were included in the study. All patients were participants in the OPTIFAST®-52 diet program (Nestlé Health Science, Frankfurt, Germany). The study design has previously been described in detail.11 Briefly, the 52-week program included a fasting phase of 12 weeks with food ingestion restricted to formula products with a high protein content (total calorie intake approximately 800 kcal per day). A subsequent transitional phase and a final stabilization phase aimed to introduce the patients to a balanced diet. All patients received psychological, physiotherapeutic, medical, and nutritional care. Finally, 32 patients were evaluated. Twenty-two patients withdrew from the study, discontinuing the diet plan prematurely for personal reasons (Figure 1).

Inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) age ≥18 years and ≤65 years; 2) BMI >30 kg/m²; 3) presence of secondary and concomitant conditions requiring treatment, such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and locomotor system disorders; 4) medical certification of the necessity for participation in the program; and 5) participants had to have made at least three previous unsuccessful attempts to reduce weight. Exclusion criteria were cardiac arrhythmia, history of myocardial infarction, severe (malign) general illnesses, pregnancy and nursing, or a documented eating disorder.

Clinical measurements were performed once a week. Echocardiography was performed at week 1 and week 12. In addition, total body composition and fat content were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at week 1 and week 12.

Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)

Echocardiography was performed using a commercially available ultrasound machine (Vivid 7; GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK) and a 3.5 MHz (3S-RS) transducer. Patients were examined in a resting, left-lateral position and, for specific parts of the examination, in end-expiration by an experienced examiner. All images were obtained from standard parasternal and apical position using two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler echocardiographic techniques. Pulse Doppler sample volume was placed at the mitral valve tips in the apical four-chamber view to record trans-mitral LV inflow velocity. Diastolic LV filling normally consists of an early passive filling phase (E) and late active filling with atrial contraction phase (A), where the E-wave is greater than the A-wave and the E/A ratio is positive. When the ventricle becomes noncompliant, the E-wave is reduced, and the A-wave increases resulting in a reversal of the E/A ratio.

TDI

TDI was recorded from the apical four-chamber view. The pulsed-wave Doppler volume was placed on the septal corner of the mitral annulus. Care was taken to ensure that the ultrasound beam was parallel to the direction of the mitral annulus motion. Filters and gains were set to exclude high-frequency signals and to obtain clear tissue signals. Peak early (e′) and late (a′) diastolic mitral septum annular velocities were measured. Each parameter was measured three times, and these values were averaged. Indices derived from TDI, including e′ and a′ velocities of the mitral annulus, were reduced in heart failure patients.12

DXA

DXA is a common measurement of human body composition. It divides the body into total body mineral, fat-free soft mass and fat tissue mass. Measurements were taken with the patient lying in the supine position on the scanning table. By means of the appropriate software, information on the body composition was obtained from the whole-body scan (Hologic densitometer QDR Discovery Wi; Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA).

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables are expressed as mean and standard deviation. For the descriptive statistics, the arithmetic mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated. For the comparison of two measurements at different times, the Wilcoxon matched pairs test was applied for paired samples. Analysis was done using statistical software (BiAS for Windows, Version 11.0). p-Values less than 0.05 were reported as statistically significant.

Results

Clinical characteristics

The study included 32 patients. Clinical characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1.

After the 12-week diet, body weight was significantly reduced from 124.7 ± 27.3 kg to 102.5 ± 24.4 kg (p < 0.01). The mean percentage weight loss was 18 ± 5% of baseline weight. BMI was also significantly reduced, from 40.3 ± 6.6 kg/m² to 33.2 ± 6.1 kg/m² (p < 0.01). Sex and age did not have a significant impact on weight reduction. The number of patients with arterial hypertension, defined as blood pressure >140 mmHg systolic and >90 mmHg diastolic, decreased from 26 to nine. Blood pressure medication was able to be reduced or even discontinued in some patients (Table 2). The mean heart rate also decreased significantly.

DXA findings

Total body fat mass decreased significantly by 19% from 53.4 ± 18.1 kg to 43.5 ± 14.3 kg (p < 0.01). Changes in fat distribution resulting from the 12-week fasting phase are reported in Table 3.

Echocardiographic findings

Complete echocardiographic data sets were acquired in 30 patients. Image quality was compromised by high body weight. Grading of the image quality before weight loss was good in 10, moderate in eight, and poor in 12 patients. After weight loss, image quality improved and was good in 12, moderate in nine, and poor in nine patients.

After weight loss, pulsed-wave Doppler of the mitral inflow showed a significant reduction of the A-wave velocity, from 65.8 ± 19.2 cm/s at week 1 to 57.0 ± 16.8 cm/s (p < 0.01) at week 12, and the E/A ratio increased significantly, from 1.2 ± 0.4 to 1.4 ± 0.5 (p < 0.01) (Figure 2). TDI revealed a significant decrease of the a′-wave, from 10.3 ± 2.3 cm/s to 8.9 ± 1.7 cm/s (p < 0.01), and a significant increase of the e′/a′ ratio, from 0.9 ± 0.3 to 1.1 ± 0.3 (p < 0.04) (Figure 3). Weight reduction had no impact on other markers of diastolic dysfunction. Normal values for deceleration time and e′-wave are age-dependent.13 In the present study, deceleration time before and after weight loss was prolonged, at 250 ± 60 ms and 248 ± 46 ms, respectively (normal value in age group 41–60 years: 181 ± 19 ms). The e′-wave was decreased, at 8.4 ± 2.2 cm/s and 9.1 ± 1.8 cm/s, respectively (normal value in age group 41–60 years: 12.2 ± 2.3 cm/s). The E/e′ ratio of 9.5 ± 4.3 decreased slightly to 8.3 ± 2.0, but the difference was not significant. We found no changes in cardiac structures and dimensions occurring secondary to weight loss after 12 weeks (Table 4).

These findings suggest that diastolic LV function improved as a result of significant weight loss.

Discussion

Obesity is associated with structural and functional abnormalities of the heart. In agreement with other studies, we observed Doppler echocardiographic signs for diastolic dysfunction in patients with severe obesity. Interestingly, we found evidence of improvement in diastolic function in patients who achieved successful weight reduction after following a 12-week low-calorie diet. Weight reduction also correlated with a reduction in blood pressure and heart rate.

Diastolic dysfunction can be measured by analyzing the trans-mitral flow pattern using conventional Doppler echocardiography. Diastolic dysfunction with impaired myocardial relaxation is characterized by a decreased early (E-wave), but enhanced atrial LV filling (A-wave). Thus, atrial contraction basically compensates for the decrease in early passive filling and results in a lower E/A ratio.14 In a study by Chakko et al, the E/A ratio was decreased in patients with obesity due to an increase in the A-wave velocity, while the E-wave velocity was constant.15 In our study, the trans-mitral E/A ratio increased significantly by 17.8% after 12 weeks of the diet, mainly due to a significant decrease in the A-wave velocity. Similar findings were reported after weight loss with a diet and an exercise program over 3–4 months.16,17 A study by Valezi and Machado showed a similar increase in the E/A ratio of 26.2% after weight loss 1 year after gastric bypass surgery.18

The TDI index e′/a′ correlates closely with LV stiffness.19 In our study, TDI revealed reduction of the e′/a′ ratio at baseline with significant increase after 12 weeks due to a decrease of the a′-wave. In contrast, Yuksel et al reported no significant change of the a′ velocity after weight loss whereas the e′ velocity increased also resulting in a statistically significant increase of the e′/a′ ratio.16 In line with our findings, Fenk et al also found a significant improvement of the e′/a′ ratio after a 1-year weight reduction program comprising diet and lifestyle components.20

Compared to normal values reported in the literature, in our study, the diastolic trans-mitral deceleration time was prolonged, and the e′-wave velocity was decreased indicating impaired diastolic function at baseline and at the end of the fasting phase.13 A reduction of the e¢-wave velocity in people with obesity has also been reported in other studies.15,21

A parameter widely used to measure diastolic dysfunction is the E/e′ ratio, which can predict LV filling pressures. An E/e′ ratio ranging from 8 to 15 is considered a suggestive but nondiagnostic evidence of diastolic LV dysfunction.22 In our data, mean E/e′ values were only modestly elevated (between 8 and 10) at baseline and reduced after weight loss, but the difference was not statistically significant. Other studies showed a significant reduction of the E/e′ ratio after bariatric surgery or nonsurgical weight loss strategies.16,23

In moderate-to-severe cases of obesity, increased cardiac output due to the high metabolic activity of excessive fat may lead to left atrial and LV dilation, increased LV wall stress, and compensatory (eccentric) LV hypertrophy.24 In the present study, mean LV diameter and thickness of the LV wall were normal at week 1 and remained unchanged after 12 weeks on the diet. Other studies reported a decrease in LV dilatation, hypertrophy, and mass after weight reduction interventions with longer follow-up periods.25–27

Lifestyle and diet therapies have demonstrated some cardiovascular benefits. Data from a number of recent meta-analyses, however, suggest that bariatric operations result in greater improvement of cardiovascular risk parameters than other weight loss therapies.28 However, no randomized controlled trials currently exist comparing the effects of bariatric surgery with standardized nonsurgical treatments, specifically focusing on cardiovascular end points.

In our study, the DXA measurement showed a significant reduction of total fat mass after weight loss, but overall, the regional body composition did not change. Other authors have emphasized that remarkable individual differences exist in regional body fat accumulation and such variation in regional adiposity may determine the cardiovascular risk. Therefore, BMI or total body fat and the magnitude of weight loss may not represent the most relevant therapeutic targets in the management of obesity.29 Excess abdominal fat is known to be associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality.30,31 Several intervention studies using a combination of physical activity and moderate caloric restriction have reported a preferential mobilization of visceral and ectopic fat beyond that which could be predicted due to weight loss.32,33

Limitations

The present study did have some limitations that deserve comment. First, we were unable to demonstrate cardiac changes due to obesity such as LV hypertrophy and enlargement or atrial dilatation as described by other authors. However, patients in our group were relatively young (mean age 45 years) in terms of the risk of other causes of structural cardiac abnormalities. Second, criteria measured by conventional Doppler echocardiography in order to determine diastolic dysfunction are in part heart rate, preload, and afterload dependent and are subject to change within any given patient. Third, echocardiographic measurements in people with obesity may be error-prone or imprecise.

Conclusion

Obesity is associated with diastolic dysfunction, which can be measured by conventional Doppler and tissue Doppler echocardiography. A 12-week low-calorie diet with successful weight loss can reduce blood pressure and heart rate and partially normalize diastolic dysfunction.

Figure 1View larger versionFigure 1. Study flow diagram.

Abbreviation: DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Figure 2View larger versionFigure 2. Changes of pulsed Doppler index A (A) and E/A ratio (B) after weight reduction.

Figure 3View larger versionFigure 3. Changes of tissue Doppler index a´ (A) and e´/a´ ratio (B) after weight reduction.

See full tableTable 1. Baseline characteristics (n=32)

See full tableTable 2. Changes in blood pressure, medication, and metabolic parameters

See full tableTable 3. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: fat mass before and after weight loss (n=13)

See full tableTable 4. Cardiac dimensions before and after weight loss

Acknowledgments

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors thank Janet Collins (ICCC Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany) for proofreading and correcting the final manuscript.

Footnotes

Author contributions

All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and critically revising the paper and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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Figure 1.

Study flow diagram.

Abbreviation: DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

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Figure 2.

Changes of pulsed Doppler index A (A) and E/A ratio (B) after weight reduction.

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Figure 3.

Changes of tissue Doppler index a´ (A) and e´/a´ ratio (B) after weight reduction.

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Table 1.

Baseline characteristics (n=32)

Sex (female/male) | 20/12
Age (years) | 44.5 ± 8.6
Height (cm) | 175.3 ± 10.6
Hypertension | 15 (47%)
Hyperlipidemia | 5 (16%)
Diabetes mellitus | 6 (19%)
Smoking | 3 (9%)

Note: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

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Table 2.

Changes in blood pressure, medication, and metabolic parameters

Characteristics | Week 1 | Week 12 | p-Value
Blood pressure and heart rate |  |  |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 146 ± 14 | 130 ± 15 | <0.01
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 93 ± 12 | 83 ± 9 | <0.01
Heart rate (beats per minute) | 90 ± 15 | 80 ± 13 | <0.01
Medication |  |  |
ACE inhibitors | 4 (12%) | 3 (9%) | 0.84
Angiotensin receptor blockers | 6 (18%) | 2 (6%) | 0.40
β-Blockers | 7 (21%) | 1 (3%) | 0.20
Calcium channel blockers | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.84
Hydrochlorothiazide | 4 (12%) | 1 (3%) | 0.53
Metabolic parameter |  |  |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 106 ± 38 | 91 ± 30 | <0.05
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 225 ± 38 | 173 ± 32 | <0.01
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 147 ± 33 | 106 ± 33 | <0.01
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57 ± 13 | 56 ± 15 | 0.54
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 156 ± 69 | 97 ± 29 | <0.01
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.2 ± 1.7 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 0.06

Note: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.

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Table 3.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: fat mass before and after weight loss (n=13)

Region
Fat mass (kg)

Fat loss
(%)
p-Value

Week 1
Week 12

Left arm
2.6 ± 0.6 (52%)
2.0 ± 0.7 (51%)
21
<0.01

Right arm
2.6 ± 0.8 (50%)
2.1 ± 0.8 (48%)
18
<0.01

Trunk
29.5 ± 13.0 (46%)
24.7 ± 9.7 (43%)
16
<0.01

Left leg
7.7 ± 2.5 (44%)
6.8 ± 2.1 (44%)
12
<0.01

Right leg
7.5 ± 2.5 (44%)
6.7 ± 2.1 (44%)
11
<0.01

Head
1.3 ± 0.3 (24%)
1.2 ± 0.2 (25%)
7
<0.01

Total
53.4 ± 18.1 (45%)
43.5 ± 14.3 (43%)
19
<0.01

Note: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (percentage of fat).

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Table 4.

Cardiac dimensions before and after weight loss

Parameter | Week 1 | Week 12 | p-Value
LA diameter (mm) | 41 ± 5 | 40 ± 8 | 0.54
LA volume (mL) | 57 ± 19 | 60 ± 18 | 0.20
LV end-diastolic diameter (mm) | 48 ± 10 | 51 ± 6 | 0.20
LV posterior wall (mm) | 11 ± 2 | 11 ± 2 | 0.94
Interventricular septum (mm) | 11 ± 2 | 11 ± 2 | 0.63

Note: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviations: LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular.

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