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Ceritinib-induced regression of an insulin-like growth factor-driven neuroepithelial brain tumor
(2019)
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway plays an important role in several brain tumor entities. However, the lack of inhibitors crossing the blood–brain barrier remains a significant obstacle for clinical translation. Here, we targeted the IGF pathway using ceritinib, an off-target inhibitor of the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) and insulin receptor (INSR), in a pediatric patient with an unclassified brain tumor and a notch receptor 1 (NOTCH1) germline mutation. Pathway analysis of the tumor revealed activation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH), the wingless and integrated-1 (WNT), the IGF, and the Notch pathway. The proliferation of the patient tumor cells (225ZL) was inhibited by arsenic trioxide (ATO), which is an inhibitor of the SHH pathway, by linsitinib, which is an inhibitor of IGF1R and INSR, and by ceritinib. 225ZL expressed INSR but not IGF1R at the protein level, and ceritinib blocked the phosphorylation of INSR. Our first personalized treatment included ATO, but because of side effects, we switched to ceritinib. After 46 days, we achieved a concentration of 1.70 µM of ceritinib in the plasma, and after 58 days, MRI confirmed that there was a response to the treatment. Ceritinib accumulated in the tumor at a concentration of 2.72 µM. Our data suggest ceritinib as a promising drug for the treatment of IGF-driven brain tumors.
Die Begegnung mit dem Fremden : europäische Einflüsse auf die indigene Kunst Nordwestamerikas
(2002)
Für die indigene Bevölkerung der Nordwestküste Nordamerikas bedeutete die Ankunft des fremden, weißen Mannes eine unfassbare Neuigkeit, die erst in das autochthone Weltbild eingeordnet werden musste. Die anfänglich als übernatürlich eingestuften Wesen konfrontierten die Einheimischen mit einer fremden Lebensweise. Während des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts hatten in diesem Kulturareal Kontakte mit Forschungsreisenden, Handelsleuten, Missionaren, Siedlern, Regierungsbeauftragten, Wissenschaftlern und Touristen Veränderungen in allen Lebensbereichen bewirkt. Von diesem Kulturwandel gingen Einflüsse aus, die sich auch auf die Kunst der indigenen Bevölkerung Nordamerikas auswirkten.
Schon in der frühen Kontaktperiode experimentierten indigene Künstler mit neuen Materialien, Stilelementen sowie europäischen Werkzeugen und fanden neue Absatzmärkte für ihre Produkte. Die Nachfrage der Fremden nach "Souvenirs" führte zur Ausbildung einer eigenen Gattung von Objekten, die für den Handel bestimmt waren und sich auch an europäischen Gebrauchsgütern orientierten. Die Objekte, die sich heute in zahlreichen Ländern befinden, zeugen von den regen Beziehungen zwischen der Nordwestküste Nordamerikas und Europa.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit soll am Beispiel der nördlichen Gruppen dieses Areals, vor allem der Tlingit und Haida, die Aufnahme des euro-amerikanischen Einflusses durch das indigene Kunstschaffen aufgezeigt und untersucht werden. Dabei soll vor Augen geführt werden, welche euro-amerikanischen künstlerischen Techniken, Materialien und Stilelemente adaptiert und in die indigene Kunst integriert wurden. Dieser Fremdeinfluss lässt sich an Kunstgattungen wie der Holzschnitzkunst, Textilkunst, Schmuckproduktion und Schamanenkunst nachweisen.
Primäres Anliegen der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, anhand ausgewählter Beispiele generelle Tendenzen und Entwicklungen innerhalb dieser Kunstbereiche aufzuzeigen. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchungen soll eruiert werden: wie dem Fremden begegnet wurde, was die indigene Bevölkerung als fremd erlebte und welche Strategien sie im Umgang mit dem Fremden entwickelte. Des Weiteren soll aufgrund der komplexen Sozialorganisation dieser Gruppen sowohl geschlechterspezifisch als auch zwischen säkularer und Schamanenkunst differenziert werden. Außerdem soll der Versuch unternommen werden, die besondere Entwicklung dieser Fremdeinflüsse bei den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen nachzuvollziehen.
Ein zweiter Aspekt dieser Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Bild des Fremden im Spiegel des indigenen Künstlers. Ebenso wie europäische Reisende die indigene Bevölkerung in Reisetagebüchern und Gemälden festhielten, wurden umgekehrt auch Europäer von indigenen Künstlern bildlich dargestellt. Hierbei handelt es sich vor allem um Darstellungen von Seeleuten, Missionaren, Regierungsbeamten und Frauen. Aber auch das Umfeld des Fremden, d.h. vor allem seine materiellen Güter, wurden nachgebildet. Es stellt sich hier die Frage, in welchen Kunstbereichen, wie und warum der Fremde abgebildet wurde.
Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der Untersuchung gilt der Auseinandersetzung mit der Frage, wie und wann das Zusammentreffen von europäischen und indigenen Einflüssen zur Entwicklung einer Handelskunst bzw. neuen Märkten führte. Hierbei gilt das Interesse den Marktformen und den am Prozess beteiligten Gruppen bzw. "vested interest groups". In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird auch untersucht, in welchem Rahmen kommerzielle Transaktionen mit Fremden stattfanden. Des Weiteren wird beleuchtet, wie die Kommerzialisierung von Nordwestküstenkunst und die neu entstandene Nachfrage das indigene Kunstschaffen beeinflussten.
Die Forschungsergebnisse ermöglichen zunächst eine Aussage über die Art der Objekte, die europäische Einflüsse aufgenommen haben und zeigen die Lebensbereiche, in denen diese Gegenstände auftreten. Darüber hinaus soll ermittelt werden, welche Kulturelemente - als Ergebnis eine Prozesses der selektiven Adaption - übernommen wurden. Die Resultate dieser Analyse sollen es möglich machen, eine Entwicklung von der Rezeption europäischer Einflüsse bis zur Ausbildung einer Handelskunst bzw. Sammlerkunst aufzuzeigen.
Neben der Untersuchung dieser Fragen ist jedoch das Hauptinteresse der vorliegenden Arbeit, eine in Europa kaum bekannte und außergewöhnliche Kultur bzw. bislang nicht oder nur partiell publizierte Sammlungen aus deutschen und estnischen Museen, die wissenschaftlich und kulturell von unschätzbaren Wert sind, der Öffentlichkeit zu präsentieren.
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are considered to be a useful tool for regenerative medicine, owing to their capabilities in differentiation, self-renewal, and immunomodulation. These cells have become a focus in the clinical setting due to their abundance and easy isolation. However, ASCs from different depots are not well characterized. Here, we analyzed the functional similarities and differences of subcutaneous and visceral ASCs. Subcutaneous ASCs have an extraordinarily directed mode of motility and a highly dynamic focal adhesion turnover, even though they share similar surface markers, whereas visceral ASCs move in an undirected random pattern with more stable focal adhesions. Visceral ASCs have a higher potential to differentiate into adipogenic and osteogenic cells when compared to subcutaneous ASCs. In line with these observations, visceral ASCs demonstrate a more active sonic hedgehog pathway that is linked to a high expression of cilia/differentiation related genes. Moreover, visceral ASCs secrete higher levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor α relative to subcutaneous ASCs. These findings highlight, that both ASC subpopulations share multiple cellular features, but significantly differ in their functions. The functional diversity of ASCs depends on their origin, cellular context and surrounding microenvironment within adipose tissues. The data provide important insight into the biology of ASCs, which might be useful in choosing the adequate ASC subpopulation for regenerative therapies.
Preeclampsia (PE) remains a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated and no causal therapy is currently available. It is of clinical relevance to decipher novel molecular biomarkers. RITA (RBP-J (recombination signal binding protein J)-interacting and tubulin-associated protein) has been identified as a negative modulator of the Notch pathway and as a microtubule-associated protein important for cell migration and invasion. In the present work, we have systematically studied RITA’s expression in primary placental tissues from patients with early- and late-onset PE as well as in various trophoblastic cell lines. RITA is expressed in primary placental tissues throughout gestation, especially in proliferative villous cytotrophoblasts, in the terminally differentiated syncytiotrophoblast, and in migrating extravillous trophoblasts. RITA’s messenger RNA (mRNA) level is decreased in primary tissue samples from early-onset PE patients. The deficiency of RITA impairs the motility and invasion capacity of trophoblastic cell lines, and compromises the fusion ability of trophoblast-derived choriocarcinoma cells. These data suggest that RITA may play important roles in the development of the placenta and possibly in the pathogenesis of PE.
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is crucial for cell motility and migration by regulating multiple cellular activities such as transport and endocytosis of key components of focal adhesions (FA). The kinesin-13 family is important in the regulation of MT dynamics and the best characterized member of this family is the mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK/KIF2C). Interestingly, its overexpression has been reported to be related to increased metastasis in various tumor entities. Moreover, MCAK is involved in the migration and invasion behavior of various cell types. However, the precise molecular mechanisms were not completely clarified. To address these issues, we generated CRISPR/dCas9 HeLa and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell lines overexpressing or downregulating MCAK. Both up- or downregulation of MCAK led to reduced cell motility and poor migration in malignant as well as benign cells. Specifically, it’s up- or downregulation impaired FA protein composition and phosphorylation status, interfered with a proper spindle and chromosome segregation, disturbed the assembly and disassembly rate of FA, delayed cell adhesion, and compromised the plus-tip dynamics of MTs. In conclusion, our data suggest MCAK act as an important regulator for cell motility and migration by affecting the actin-MT cytoskeleton dynamics and the FA turnover, providing molecular mechanisms by which deregulated MCAK could promote malignant progression and metastasis of tumor cells.
Function of p21 (Cip1/Waf1/CDKN1A) in migration and invasion of cancer and trophoblastic cells
(2019)
Tumor progression and pregnancy have several features in common. Tumor cells and placental trophoblasts share many signaling pathways involved in migration and invasion. Preeclampsia, associated with impaired differentiation and migration of trophoblastic cells, is an unpredictable and unpreventable disease leading to maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Like in tumor cells, most pathways, in which p21 is involved, are deregulated in trophoblasts of preeclamptic placentas. The aim of the present study was to enlighten p21’s role in tumorigenic choriocarcinoma and trophoblastic cell lines. We show that knockdown of p21 induces defects in chromosome movement during mitosis, though hardly affecting proliferation and cell cycle distribution. Moreover, suppression of p21 compromises the migration and invasion capability of various trophoblastic and cancer cell lines mediated by, at least partially, a reduction of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3, identified using transcriptome-wide profiling, real-time PCR, and Western blot. Further analyses show that downregulation of p21 is associated with reduced matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2. This work evinces that p21 is involved in chromosome movement during mitosis as well as in the motility and invasion capacity of trophoblastic and cancer cell lines.
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) have crucial functions, but their roles in obesity are not well defined. We show here that ASCs from obese individuals have defective primary cilia, which are shortened and unable to properly respond to stimuli. Impaired cilia compromise ASC functionalities. Exposure to obesity-related hypoxia and cytokines shortens cilia of lean ASCs. Like obese ASCs, lean ASCs treated with interleukin-6 are deficient in the Hedgehog pathway, and their differentiation capability is associated with increased ciliary disassembly genes like AURKA. Interestingly, inhibition of Aurora A or its downstream target the histone deacetylase 6 rescues the cilium length and function of obese ASCs. This work highlights a mechanism whereby defective cilia render ASCs dysfunctional, resulting in diseased adipose tissue. Impaired cilia in ASCs may be a key event in the pathogenesis of obesity, and its correction might provide an alternative strategy for combating obesity and its associated diseases.
The multifunctional protein p21Cip1/CDKN1A (p21) is an important and universal Cdk-interacting protein. Recently, we have reported that p21 is involved in the regulation of the mitotic kinase Cdk1/cyclin B1 and critical for successful mitosis and cytokinesis. In the present work we show that S130 of p21 is phosphorylated by Cdk1/cyclin B1 during mitosis, which reduces p21’s stability and binding affinity to Cdk1/cyclin B1. Interfering with this phosphorylation results in extended mitotic duration and defective chromosome segregation, indicating that this regulation ensures proper mitotic progression. Given that p53, the major transcriptional activator of p21, is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer and that deregulated Cdk1 associates with the development of different types of cancer, this work provides new insight into the understanding of how deregulated p21 contributes to chromosomal instability and oncogenesis.