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Das Projekt »Digi_Gap – Digitale Lücken in der Lehrkräftebildung schließen« wird von 2020 bis 2023 vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung im Rahmen der Qualitätsoffensive Lehrerbildung (QLB) gefördert (Fördersumme: 1 678 023 Euro) und umfasst fünf Teilprojekte mit 19 WissenschaftlerInnen aus neun Fachbereichen an der Goethe-Universität. Geleitet wird das Projekt von Prof. Dr. Holger Horz (wissenschaftliche Gesamtprojektleitung) und Dr. Claudia Burger (operative Leitung). An der Goethe-Universität ebenfalls durch die QLB gefördert wird »The Next Level«, das Nachfolgeprojekt von »Level« (»Lehrerbildung vernetzt entwickeln)«, mit dem Digi_Gap inhaltlich und strukturell eng verbunden ist. Das Leitungs- und Koordinationsteam (Leitung: Holger Horz & Claudia Burger; Koordination: Johannes Appel und Annika Kreft) von Digi_Gap hat sich den Fragen des UniReport auch zum aktuellen Thema »Homeschooling« gestellt.
Psoriasis is a frequent and often severe inflammatory skin disease, characterized by altered epidermal homeostasis. Since we found previously that Akt/mTOR signaling is hyperactivated in psoriatic skin, we aimed at elucidating the role of aberrant mTORC1 signaling in this disease. We found that under healthy conditions mTOR signaling was shut off when keratinocytes switch from proliferation to terminal differentiation. Inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-17A, TNF-α) induced aberrant mTOR activity which led to enhanced proliferation and reduced expression of differentiation markers. Conversely, regular differentiation could be restored if mTORC1 signaling was blocked. In mice, activation of mTOR through the agonist MHY1485 also led to aberrant epidermal organization and involucrin distribution. In summary, these results not only identify mTORC1 as an important signal integrator pivotal for the cells fate to either proliferate or differentiate, but emphasize the role of inflammation-dependent mTOR activation as a psoriatic pathomechanism.
Rezeptortyrosinkinasen der Familie der epidermalen Wachstumsfaktorrezeptoren (EGFR) sind in vielen Krebsarten dereguliert und ursächlich an der malignen Transformation beteiligt. Da die Aktivierung vom Rezeptor ausgehender Signaltransduktionskaskaden auf spezifischen Protein-Protein-Interaktionen basiert, kann durch gezielte Interferenz mit diesen Interaktionen das proliferative Signal ausgeschaltet und das Tumorwachstum angehalten werden. Für diese gezielte Interferenz wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit das Peptid-Aptamer-System eingesetzt, mittels dem Peptide, die in ein Gerüstprotein inseriert sind, aufgrund ihrer Affinität zu einem Zielprotein selektiert werden können. Drei Peptid-Aptamere (KDI1, KDI3, KDI4), die spezifisch mit dem EGF-Rezeptor interagieren, konnten isoliert werden. lntrazelluläre Expression von Peptid-Aptamer KDI1 oder Einbringung des bakteriell exprimierten Peptid-Aptamers KDI1 mittels einer Proteintransduktionsdomäne führte zu reduzierter EGF-abhängiger Proliferation und Transformation. Durch Interferenz des Aptamers mit dem EGF-Rezeptor war die EGF-induzierte Phosphorylierung von Tyrosin 845, 1068 und 1148, sowie die Aktivierung von p46 Shc und STAT3 reduziert. Daher wurde gefolgert, dass das Peptid-Aptamer die EGF-abhängige Rekrutierung der zytoplasmatischen Kinase c-Src an den Rezeptor inhibiert. Durch Fusion einer zusätzlichen Domäne wie der SOCS-Box-Domäne konnte den Peptid-Aptameren eine zusätzliche inhibitorische Funktion gegeben werden. Hierbei handelt es sich um eine Domäne, die spezifisch Kontakt mit E3-Ubiquitin-Ligasen aufbauen kann. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch Transduktion eines solchen Peptid-Aptamers der Rezeptor spezifisch ubiquitinyliert und damit degradiert wird. Das Peptid-Aptamer-System eignet sich somit dazu, Inhibitoren für vorgegebene Zielmoleküle zu isolieren, die sowohl in der Grundlagenforschung als auch in der Tumortherapie Anwendung finden können.
PAX2 regulates ADAM10 expression and mediates anchorage-independent cell growth of melanoma cells
(2011)
PAX transcription factors play an important role during development and carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated PAX2 protein levels in melanocytes and melanoma cells by Western Blot and immunofluorescence analysis and characterized the role of PAX2 in the pathogenesis of melanoma. In vitro we found weak PAX2 protein expression in keratinocytes and melanocytes. Compared to melanocytes increased PAX2 protein levels were detectable in melanoma cell lines. Interestingly, in tissue sections of melanoma patients nuclear PAX2 expression strongly correlated with nuclear atypia and the degree of prominent nucleoli, indicating an association of PAX2 with a more atypical cellular phenotype. In addition, with chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, PAX2 overexpression and PAX2 siRNA we present compelling evidence that PAX2 can regulate ADAM10 expression, a metalloproteinase known to play important roles in melanoma metastasis. In human tissue samples we found co-expression of PAX2 and ADAM10 in melanocytes of benign nevi and in melanoma cells of patients with malignant melanoma. Importantly, the downregulation of PAX2 by specific siRNA inhibited the anchorage independent cell growth and decreased the migratory and invasive capacity of melanoma cells. Furthermore, the downregulation of PAX2 abrogated the chemoresistance of melanoma cells against cisplatin, indicating that PAX2 expression mediates cell survival and plays important roles during melanoma progression.
Receptor tyrosine kinases of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family regulate essential cellular functions such as proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation but also play central roles in the etiology and progression of tumors. We have identified short peptide sequences from a random peptide library integrated into the thioredoxin scaffold protein, which specifically bind to the intracellular domain of the EGF receptor (EGFR). These molecules have the potential to selectively inhibit specific aspects of EGF receptor signaling and might become valuable as anticancer agents. Intracellular expression of the aptamer encoding gene construct KDI1 or introduction of bacterially expressed KDI1 via a protein transduction domain into EGFR-expressing cells results in KDI1·EGF receptor complex formation, a slower proliferation, and reduced soft agar colony formation. Aptamer KDI1 did not summarily block the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity but selectively interfered with the EGF-induced phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues 845, 1068, and 1148 as well as the phosphorylation of tyrosine 317 of p46 Shc. EGF-induced phosphorylation of Stat3 at tyrosine 705 and Stat3-dependent transactivation were also impaired. Transduction of a short synthetic peptide aptamer sequence not embedded into the scaffold protein resulted in the same impairment of EGF-induced Stat3 activation.
Although modern biologics targeting different inflammatory mediators show promising therapeutic success, comprehensive knowledge about the molecular events in psoriatic keratinocytes that contribute to the pathogenesis and could serve as therapeutic targets is still scarce. However, recent efforts to understand the deregulated signal transduction pathways have led to the development of small molecule inhibitors e.g., tofacitinib targeting the Jak/Stat cascade that opens additional therapeutic options. Recently, the PI3-K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway has emerged as an important player in the control of epidermal homeostasis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of this pathway in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, especially the epidermal manifestation of the disease and discusses current approaches to target the pathway therapeutically.
Professionalization of service-learning in higher education – an academic development approach
(2018)
In an attempt to professionalize service-learning in higher education, teachers and their teaching skills are considered a determining factor and require particular attention. To promote the teaching skills necessary for service-learning courses, an academic development approach addressing these specific requirements has been implemented at Goethe University Frankfurt as part of the academic development program for teaching staff. This article presents the particularities of this approach and illustrates one of its central elements, i.e., the concept of a workshop on planning service-learning courses. Both practical and research implications are discussed.
The mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) inhibitor rapamycin has long been known for its immune suppressive properties, but it has shown limited therapeutic success when given systemically to patients with psoriasis. Recent data have shown that the mTOR pathway is hyperactivated in lesional psoriatic skin, which probably contributes to the disease by interfering with maturation of keratinocytes. This study investigated the effect of topical rapamycin treatment in an imiquimod-induced psoriatic mouse model. The disease was less severe if the mice had received rapamycin treatment. Immunohistological analysis revealed that rapamycin not only prevented the activation of mTOR signalling (P-mTOR and P-S6 levels), but almost normalized the expression of epidermal differentiation markers. In addition, the influx of innate immune cells into the draining lymph nodes was partially reduced by rapamycin treatment. These data emphasize the role of mTOR signalling in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and support the investigation of topical mTOR inhibition as a novel anti-psoriatic strategy.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of the hair follicles leading to painful lesions, associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Numerous guidelines recommend antibiotics like clindamycin and rifampicin in combination, as first-line systemic therapy in moderate-to-severe forms of inflammation. HS has been proposed to be mainly an auto-inflammatory disease associated with but not initially provoked by bacteria. Therefore, it has to be assumed that the pro-inflammatory milieu previously observed in HS skin is not solely dampened by the bacteriostatic inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. To further clarify the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects of rifampicin, ex vivo explants of lesional HS from 8 HS patients were treated with rifampicin, and its effect on cytokine production, immune cells as well as the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) were investigated. Analysis of cell culture medium of rifampicin-treated HS explants revealed an anti-inflammatory effect of rifampicin that significantly inhibiting interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production. Immunohistochemistry of the rifampicin-treated explants suggested a tendency for it to reduce the expression of TLR2 while not affecting the number of immune cells.
