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Whereas interspecific associations receive considerable attention in evolutionary, behavioural and ecological literature, the proximate bases for these associations are usually unknown. This in particular applies to associations between vertebrates with invertebrates. The West-African savanna frog Phrynomantis microps lives in the underground nest of ponerine ants (Paltothyreus tarsatus). The ants usually react highly aggressively when disturbed by fiercely stinging, but the frog is not attacked and lives unharmed among the ants. Herein we examined the proximate mechanisms for this unusual association. Experiments with termites and mealworms covered with the skin secretion of the frog revealed that specific chemical compounds seem to prevent the ants from stinging. By HPLC-fractionation of an aqueous solution of the frogs' skin secretion, two peptides of 1,029 and 1,143 Da were isolated and found to inhibit the aggressive behaviour of the ants. By de novo sequencing using tandem mass spectrometry, the amino acid sequence of both peptides consisting of a chain of 9 and 11 residues, respectively, was elucidated. Both peptides were synthesized and tested, and exhibited the same inhibitory properties as the original frog secretions. These novel peptides most likely act as an appeasement allomone and may serve as models for taming insect aggression.
Venomous secretions from marine snails of the Terebridae family target acetylcholine receptors
(2013)
Venoms from cone snails (Conidae) have been extensively studied during the last decades, but those from other members of the suborder Toxoglossa, such as of Terebridae and Turridae superfamilies attracted less interest so far. Here, we report the effects of venom and gland extracts from three species of the superfamily Terebridae. By 2-electrode voltage-clamp technique the gland extracts were tested on Xenopus oocytes expressing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) of rat neuronal (α3β2, α3β4, α4β2, α4β4, α7) and muscle subtypes (α1β1γδ), and expressing potassium (Kv1.2 and Kv1.3) and sodium channels (Nav1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6). The extracts were shown to exhibit remarkably high inhibitory activities on almost all nAChRs tested, in particular on the α7 subtype suggesting the presence of peptides of the A-superfamily from the venom of Conus species. In contrast, no effects on the potassium and sodium channels tested were observed. The venoms of terebrid snails may offer an additional source of novel biologically active peptides.
With obesity having doubled in the last decade, hypertension is on the rise. In one-third of hypertensive patients the metabolic syndrome is present. This might be one factor for the increasing number of prescriptions for angiotensin receptor blockers and calcium-channel blockers besides a more favorable risk-to-benefit ratio. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) method for assessment of adherence based on cut-offs in inpatients and to compare it to an established urine drug screening in outpatients. A method for quantification of calcium-channel blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. The method was applied to serum samples of 32 patients under supervised medication to establish cut-off values for adherence assessment based on dose-related concentrations (DRC, calculated from pharmacokinetic data). Furthermore, corresponding urine and blood samples of 42 outpatients without supervised medication were analysed and the results compared with regard to adherence assessment. All serum concentrations measured for amlodipine (n = 40), lercanidipine (n = 14), candesartan (n = 10), telmisartan (n = 4) and valsartan (n = 10) in inpatients were above the patient specific lower DRC confirming adherence. Of 42 outpatients the identification of analytes in urine as well as the quantification in serum exhibited differing results. According to urinalysis, adherence was demonstrated in only 87.0% of prescriptions, compared to 91.3% for serum analyses. Differences were observed for amlodipine, lercanidipine and candesartan which can be explained by a higher specificity of the serum analysis approach due to pharmacokinetics. The present study confirms that assessing adherence based on serum drug concentrations with individually calculated lower DRCs is more accurate than using qualitative urine analysis. In particular, drugs with low bioavailability, low renal excretion or high metabolism rate such as lercanidipine and candesartan may lead to underestimation of adherence via urine analysis.
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in adolescents and young adults may be the first manifestation of an inherited arrhythmic syndrome. Thus identification of a genetic origin in sudden death cases deemed inconclusive after a comprehensive autopsy and may help to reduce the risk of lethal episodes in the remaining family. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), a large number of variants of unknown significance (VUS) are detected. In the majority of cases, there is insufficient evidence of pathogenicity, representing a huge dilemma in current genetic investigations. Misinterpretation of such variants may lead to inaccurate genetic diagnoses and/or the adoption of unnecessary and/or inappropriate therapeutic approaches. In our study, we applied current (ACMG) recommendations for variant classification in post-mortem genetic screening of a cohort of 56 SCD victims. We identified a total 53 rare protein-altering variants (MAF < 0.2%) classified as VUS or worse. Twelve percent of the cases exhibited a clinically actionable variant (pathogenic, likely pathogenic or VUS – potentially pathogenic) that would warrant cascade genetic screening in relatives. Most of the variants detected by means of the post-mortem genetic investigations were VUS. Thus, genetic testing by itself might be fairly meaningless without supporting background data. This data reinforces the need for an experienced multidisciplinary team for obtaining reliable and accountable interpretations of variant significance for elucidating potential causes for SCDs in the young. This enables the early identification of relatives at risk or excludes family members as genetic carriers. Also, development of adequate forensic guidelines to enable appropriate interpretation of rare genetic variants is fundamental.
Detection of antihypertensive drugs in biological samples is an important tool to assess the adherence of hypertensive patients. Urine and serum/plasma screenings based on qualitative results may lead to misinterpretations regarding drugs with a prolonged detectability. The aim of the present study was to develop a method that can be used for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antihypertensive drugs with focus on adherence assessment. Therefore, a method for quantification of four diuretics and four β-blockers using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis (LC-MS/MS) of combined acidic and basic serum extracts was developed and validated. The method was applied to 40 serum samples from 20 patients in a supervised medication setting (trough and peak serum samples). Literature data on therapeutic concentration ranges, as well as dose-related drug concentrations (calculated from data of pharmacokinetic studies) were used to evaluate adherence assessment criteria. Concentrations were measured for bisoprolol (n = 9 patients), metoprolol (n = 7), nebivolol (n = 1), canrenone (n = 2, metabolite of spironolactone), hydrochlorothiazide (n = 10) and torasemide (n = 8). The measured concentrations were within the therapeutic reference ranges, except for 24% of the samples (mainly β-blockers). In contrast, all measured concentrations were above the lower dose-related concentration (DRC), which appears superior in evaluating adherence. In conclusion, the quantitative analysis of antihypertensive drugs in serum samples and its evaluation on the basis of the individually calculated lower DRC is a promising tool to differentially assess adherence. This method could possibly detect a lack of adherence or other causes of insufficient therapy more reliably than qualitative methods.
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem bekannten Phänomen der postmortalen Insulin-Instabilität. Die sichere Analyse von Insulin in Serum sowie vor allem auch in postmortalen Blutproben, ist für die forensische Begutachtung von enormer Bedeutung, da sie z. B. im Falle einer kriminellen Handlung einen hohen Beweiswert hat. Bei den durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigte sich, dass bei einer Inkubation von Insulin in Serum sowie auch bei einer Inkubation mit intakten Blutzellen keine Abnahme der Insulinkonzentration eintritt. Daher kann für die Insulinbestimmung Serum als Untersuchungsmaterial empfohlen werden. Da postmortale Blutproben häufig eine Hämolyse aufweisen, wurde frisch entnommenes Blut hämolysiert und mit Insulin inkubiert. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass die Insulinkonzentration innerhalb von 5 Stunden bei 37°C signifikant auf 20% der Ausgangskonzentration sank. Ein proteolytischer Insulinabbau konnte ausgeschlossen werden, da der Zusatz von Enzyminhibitoren keine Hemmung des Insulinabbaus bewirkte. Bei der Hämolyse tritt u. a. der rote Blutfarbstoff Hämoglobin aus den Erythrocyten aus. In einer vergleichenden Inkubation aus hämolysiertem Blut und in Reinform erhältlichem Hämoglobin konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Insulinkonzentration in beiden Ansätzen in gleichem Maß absank. Hieraus wurde geschlossen, dass der Abbau auf das Hämoglobinmolekül zurückzuführen ist. Im Folgenden wurden systematische Untersuchungen angestellt, welcher Anteil des Hämoglobins für diesen Abbau verantwortlich ist. Zunächst wurde der Einfluss diverser Oxidationsstufen in Eisensalzen oder im Hämoglobin (Hb/MetHb), von Sauerstoff (Oxy-/CO-Hb), der isolierten Hämgruppe und der isolierten Globinketten untersucht. Nur die Inkubation von Insulin mit den isolierten Globinketten führte ebenfalls zu einem Insulinabbau, weswegen geschlussfolgert wurde, dass der proteinogene Teil des Hämoglobins im Wesentlichen den Insulinabbau verursacht. Eine Hemmung des Abbaus konnte nur bei Erniedrigung des pH-Werts auf 2,7 oder bei Alkylierung des Hämoglobins mit Jodacetamid erreicht werden. Jodacetamid ist ein Alkylierungsreagenz, das selektiv Thiolgruppen alkyliert. Zwar konnte die selektive Alkylierung der Thiolgruppen im Hämoglobin-Molekül mittels Flugzeitmassenspektrometrie nicht differenziert werden, aber die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass mindestens eine Thiolgruppe der Hämoglobin-Beta-Kette für den Insulinabbau verantwortlich ist. Der zweite Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Suche nach den Insulinabbauprodukten. Bekannte Lagerungsartefakte von Insulin, wie sie in der Literatur beschrieben werden, konnten nicht nachgewiesen werden. Auch kovalente Insulinaddukte am Hämoglobin wurden nicht beobachtet. Dagegen wurde eine Spaltung von Insulin in dessen A- und B-Kette beobachtet, allerdings mit einer Massenabnahme entsprechend dem Verlust von 4 bzw. 2 Protonen. Es wird postuliert, dass die veränderten Ketten nach einer Disulfidbrückenspaltung des Insulins wieder intramolekulare Disulfidbrücken bilden, sodass eine dehydrierte A- und B-Kette entsteht. Bei der A-Kette gibt es drei Möglichkeiten der Konfiguration der Disulfidbrücken, drei Isomere wurden auch chromatographisch unterschieden. Die Intensität der Kettenbildung entsprach allerdings nur ca. 10% des Insulinausgangssignals und sank nach dem Erreichen eines Maximums nach 20 Stunden auch wieder ab, weswegen angenommen wird, dass auch noch weitere Abbauprodukte gebildet werden. Anhand weiterer Untersuchungsverfahren (Fluoreszenz, Gelelektrophorese, isoelektrische Fokussierung) wurde zwar nach weiteren Abbauprodukten gesucht, es konnten allerdings keine Weiteren nachgewiesen werden. Es wurde eine Extraktionsmethode für Insulin und dessen Abbauprodukte entwickelt, die robust und auch für postmortale Blutextrakte geeignet scheint. Aufgrund der mangelnden Sensitivität des zur Verfügung stehenden Analysensystems konnte die Methode nur in einem sehr hohen Konzentrationsbereich überprüft werden, was weiterführende Untersuchungen in niedrigen Konzentrationsbereichen nötig macht. Die Extraktionsmethode könnte auch für Gewebeextrakte eingesetzt werden, wobei Leber- und Nierengewebe nicht geeignet erscheinen, da bei Inkubationen auch hier eine erhebliche Insulinabnahme festgestellt wurde. Für die Praxis wird, wenn möglich, eine Insulinbestimmung aus Serum empfohlen. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht für die Untersuchung der Insulinstabilität in realen postmortalen Blutproben und im physiologischen Konzentrationsbereich.
Blut-Untersuchungen ziehen sich wie ein roter Faden durch die verschiedenen Abteilungen des Frankfurter Instituts für Rechtsmedizin. Ob mit dem Skalpell, durch scharfsinnige Beobachtung oder Hightech-Laboranalytik: Spezialisierte Rechtsmediziner können einen Tathergang anhand von Blutspurenverteilungsmustern rekonstruieren, Toxikologen messen im Blut betäubende oder giftige Substanzen, Molekularbiologen ordnen Blutspuren über DNA-Profi le Personen zu und versuchen, mit molekulardiagnostischen Methoden unklare Todesursachen aufzuklären. Zwei konstruierte Todesfälle gewähren einen forensischen Blick auf das Blut.
Aim: Exposure to opioids has been associated with epigenetic effects. Studies in rodents suggested a role of varying degrees of DNA methylation in the differential regulation of μ-opioid receptor expression across the brain.
Methods: In a translational investigation, using tissue acquired postmortem from 21 brain regions of former opiate addicts, representing a human cohort with chronic opioid exposure, μ-opioid receptor expression was analyzed at the level of DNA methylation, mRNA and protein.
Results & conclusion: While high or low μ-opioid receptor expression significantly correlated with local OPRM1 mRNA levels, there was no corresponding association with OPRM1 methylation status. Additional experiments in human cell lines showed that changes in DNA methylation associated with changes in μ-opioid expression were an order of magnitude greater than differences in brain. Hence, different degrees of DNA methylation associated with chronic opioid exposure are unlikely to exert a major role in the region-specificity of μ-opioid receptor expression in the human brain.
The analysis of ethanol and of its congeners in blood plays an important role in forensic cases, especially when allegations are made that alcohol has been consumed after an accident. In alcoholic beverages, congener alcohols are by-products and are generated during fermentation. The assay of these compounds in serum samples and beverages has been previously performed using headspace-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection methods (HS-GC-FID). As an alternative, a robust headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) procedure was developed and validated, which has the following advantages:
- Simultaneous determination of ethanol, congener alcohols and other
endogenous substances.
- Reduction of matrix interference by increasing selectivity and
specificity.
- Clear separation of the positional isomers 3-methyl-1-butanol and
2-methyl-1-butanol.