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Die doppelblinde Pilotstudie ''Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit einer Enzym oder Vitamin ATherapie bei Patienten mit Plattenepithelkarzinom im Kopf/Halsbereich" wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit der HNOKlinik in dem Zeitraum von Oktober 1994 bis Juni 1996 mit 25 Patienten mit Plattenepithelkarzinomen und 15 gesunden Kontrollpersonen durchgeführt. Den Patienten wurde neben der konventionellen Therapie entweder VitaminA (Retinolpalmitat, 150,000 IE/d), die Enzympräparation (proteolytische Gesamtaktivität 20,880 F.I.P.E/d) oder Placebo zugeteilt. In regelmäßigen Abständen wurde das Allgemeinbefinden/ Nebenwirkungen protokolliert, Blutbild und Leberwerte bestimmt, die peripheren Lymphozyten phänotypisiert und die NK LAK, bzw. LAKZellAktivität gemessen. Zur Auswertung gelangten 16 Patienten. Statistisch signifikant war eine Erhöhung der CD2 und CD3Werte der EnzymGruppe (41 Messungen) gegenüber den Patienten der Gruppen VitaminA (18 Messungen), Placebo (12 Messungen) und den Ausgangswerten der Patienten (25 Messungen). Auch im Verlauf konnte die Erhöhung der CD3Werte bei der Enzymgruppe gegenüber den anderen Patientengruppen bestätigt werden. Der Anteil der TZellen im peripheren Blut lag im Bereich der gesunden Kontrollen. Um die Wirkungen der Prüfmedikationen auf Leukozyten (PBL, PMNL, Monozyten) in vitro zu untersuchen, wurde ein Panel durchflußzytometrischer Tests entwickelt, bzw. etabliert, die die Messung der Funktionen NKZellaktivität, LAKAktivität, ADCC, Phagozytose und Sauerstoffradikalbildung ermöglichten bzw. vereinfachten. Die untersuchte Enzympräparation enthielt Papain, Trypsin und Chymotrypsin im Verhältnis 2,5:1:1. In vitroVersuche ergaben eine dosisabhängige Stimulierung der NK, NKLAK, CTL bzw. LAKAktivität und der ADCC durch NKZellen durch die Enzympräparation. Es war möglich, die Lymphozyten mehrfach zu stimulieren, eine Enzymdauergabe, bzw. hohe Enzymdosen führten zu einem Aktivitätsrückgang. Die Enzymmischung verbesserte die Phagozytose und den oxidativen Burst bei PMNL und erhöhte die CD18 und CD54 bzw. erniedrigte die CD16Expression auf PMNL. Mit alltransRetinsäure bzw. Retinol konnten die Lymphozytenaktivitäten in vitro mit den gewählten Versuchsbedingungen kaum beeinflußt werden, Änderungen konnten meist 48h bis 72h nach Zugabe beobachtet werden, die jedoch nicht signifikant waren. Beobachtungen zu VitaminAWirkungen auf PMNL waren nicht möglich, da diese nur maximal 24h kultiviert werden konnten.
Introduction Loss of intestinal integrity has been implicated as an important contributor to the development of excessive inflammation following severe trauma. Thus far, clinical data concerning the occurrence and significance of intestinal damage after trauma remain scarce. This study investigates whether early intestinal epithelial cell damage occurs in trauma patients and, if present, whether such cell injury is related to shock, injury severity and the subsequent inflammatory response. Methods Prospective observational cohort study in 96 adult trauma patients. Upon arrival at the emergency room (ER) plasma levels of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (i-FABP), a specific marker for damage of differentiated enterocytes, were measured. Factors that potentially influence the development of intestinal cell damage after trauma were determined, including the presence of shock and the extent of abdominal trauma and general injury severity. Furthermore, early plasma levels of i-FABP were related to inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results Upon arrival at the ER, plasma i-FABP levels were increased compared with healthy volunteers, especially in the presence of shock (P < 0.01). The elevation of i-FABP was related to the extent of abdominal trauma as well as general injury severity (P < 0.05). Circulatory i-FABP concentrations at ER correlated positively with IL-6 and PCT levels at the first day (r2 = 0.19; P < 0.01 and r2 = 0.36; P < 0.001 respectively) and CRP concentrations at the second day after trauma (r2 = 0.25; P < 0.01). Conclusions This study reveals early presence of intestinal epithelial cell damage in trauma patients. The extent of intestinal damage is associated with the presence of shock and injury severity. Early intestinal damage precedes and is related to the subsequent developing inflammatory response.
Fragestellung: In einem ausgedehnten Knochendefekt kann das Einwachsen von knochenbildenden Zellen limitiert sein, da ohne Gefässe die Ernährung der regenerativen Zellen im Knochenkonstrukt insuffizient ist. Endotheliale Progenitorzellen (EPC) sind wichtig bei der Neovaskularisierung. Die frühe Vaskularisierung von grossen Knochendefekten kann für das Überleben und die Funktion von mesenchymalen Stammzellen (MSC) und knochenbildenden Zellen entscheidend sein. Kann die Implantation von EPC und MSC auf osteokonduktiven beta-Tricalciumphosphat (beta-TCP) in einem "critical-size" Knochendefekt des Femur von athymischen Ratten die frühe Vaskularisierung und die Knochenheilung in vivo verbessern?
Methodik: Humane EPC wurden aus Buffy-Coat und humane MSC aus Knochenmarkaspirat durch Dichtezentrifugation isoliert. 2.5 x 105 kultivierte und differenzierte EPC und MSC wurden in vitro auf beta-TCP geladen. In 145 athymischen, männlichen Ratten wurde das Femur osteotomiert, ein 5 mm Knochendefekt erzeugt und mit Fixateur externe stabilisiert. Die Knochendefekte wurden mit beta-TCP (Gruppe 1), beta-TCP und MSC (Gruppe 2), beta-TCP und EPC (Gruppe 3), beta-TCP und EPC und MSC (Gruppe 4) oder autologem Knochen (Gruppe 5) gefüllt. Nach 1 Woche (n=40), 4 Wochen (n=40), 8 Wochen (n=40) und 12 Wochen (n=25) wurden die Ratten getötet. Bei Pinlockerung wurde die Ratte ausgeschlossen. Die (immun)histologische Analyse (Färbung mit HE, VEGF-R2, vWF) der Vaskularisierung und Knochenneubildung erfolgte mit Image-Analysis-System. Nach 8 und 12 Wochen erfolgte ein µCT und ein 4-Punkte-Biegungstest. Für die statistische Analyse wurde der Kruskal-Wallis-Test verwendet.
Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen: Nach 1 Woche zeigte sich bei der Implantation von EPC/MSC und EPC allein signifikant mehr primitive vaskuläre Plexus (p=0.01;p=0.048) als in Vergleichsgruppen. Im Vergleich zur TCP Gruppe war in allen anderen Versuchsgruppen signifikant mehr Knochenneubildung zu sehen (p<0.01). Ausserdem war in der EPC/MSC-Gruppe signifikant mehr Knochenbildung zu erkennen als in der MSC-Gruppe (p=0.03). Nach 12 Wochen zeigten alle Gruppen eine knöcherne Durchbauung des Defektes, jedoch zeigten bereits 8 Wochen nach Implantation von MSC/EPC 83% der Defekte eine stabile, knöcherne Durchbauung. Bei der Implantation von MSC kam es in 18% der Knochendefekte zum knöchernen Durchbau. Alle anderen experimentellen Gruppen zeigten nach 8 Wochen keine knöcherne Durchbauung. Diese Resultate konnten im µCT, biomechanischen Test und in der Histologie quantifiziert werden. EPC scheinen die frühe Vaskularisierung innerhalb eines Knochenkonstrukt in vivo zu stimulieren und das Einwachsverhalten von MSC zu verbessern, was zu einer beschleunigten Knochenheilung im Knochendefektmodell der Ratte führt.
Due to the continued high incidence and mortality rate worldwide, there is a need to develop new strategies for the quick, precise, and valuable recognition of presenting injury pattern in traumatized and poly-traumatized patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to facilitate intercellular communication processes between cells in close proximity as well as distant cells in healthy and disease organisms. miRNAs and proteins transferred by EVs play biological roles in maintaining normal organ structure and function under physiological conditions. In pathological conditions, EVs change the miRNAs and protein cargo composition, mediating or suppressing the injury consequences. Therefore, incorporating EVs with their unique protein and miRNAs signature into the list of promising new biomarkers is a logical next step. In this review, we discuss the general characteristics and technical aspects of EVs isolation and characterization. We discuss results of recent in vitro, in vivo, and patients study describing the role of EVs in different inflammatory diseases and traumatic organ injuries. miRNAs and protein signature of EVs found in patients with acute organ injury are also debated.
Delayed wound repair in sepsis is associated with reduced local pro-inflammatory cytokine expression
(2013)
Sepsis is one of the main causes for morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Moreover, sepsis associated complications involving impaired wound healing are common. Septic patients often require surgical interventions that in-turn may lead to further complications caused by impaired wound healing. We established a mouse model to the study delayed wound healing during sepsis distant to the septic focus point. For this reason cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was combined with the creation of a superficial wound on the mouse ear. Control animals received the same procedure without CPL. Epithelialization was measured every second day by direct microscopic visualization up to complete closure of the wound. As interplay of TNF-α, TGF-β, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) is important in wound healing in general, TNF-α, TGF-β, MMP7, and TIMP1 were assessed immunohistochemical in samples of wounded ears harvested on days 2, 6, 10 and 16 after wounding. After induction of sepsis, animals showed a significant delay in wound epithelialization from day 2 to 12 compared to control animals. Complete wound healing was attained after mean 12.2± standard deviation (SD) 3.0 days in septic animals compared to 8.7± SD 1.7 days in the control group. Septic animals showed a significant reduction in local pro-inflammatory cytokine level of TNF-α on day 2 and day 6 as well as a reduced expression of TGF-β on day 2 in wounds. A significant lower expression of MMP7 as well as TIMP1 was also observed on day 2 after wounding. The induction of sepsis impairs wound healing distant to the septic focus point. We could demonstrate that expression of important cytokines for wound repair is deregulated after induction of sepsis. Thus restoring normal cytokine response locally in wounds could be a good strategy to enhance wound repair in sepsis.
Introduction. Cancellous bone is frequently used for filling bone defects in a clinical setting. It provides favourable conditions for regenerative cells such as MSC and early EPC. The combination of MSC and EPC results in superior bone healing in experimental bone healing models. Materials and Methods. We investigated the influence of osteogenic culture conditions on the endothelial properties of early EPC and the osteogenic properties of MSC when cocultured on cancellous bone. Additionally, cell adhesion, metabolic activity, and differentiation were assessed 2, 6, and 10 days after seeding.
Results. The number of adhering EPC and MSC decreased over time; however the cells remained metabolically active over the 10-day measurement period. In spite of a decline of lineage specific markers, cells maintained their differentiation to a reduced level. Osteogenic stimulation of EPC caused a decline but not abolishment of endothelial characteristics and did not induce osteogenic gene expression. Osteogenic stimulation of MSC significantly increased their metabolic activity whereas collagen-1α and alkaline phosphatase gene expressions declined. When cocultured with EPC, MSC’s collagen-1α gene expression increased significantly. Conclusion. EPC and MSC can be cocultured in vitro on cancellous bone under osteogenic conditions, and coculturing EPC with MSC stabilizes the latter’s collagen-1α gene expression.
Acute ethanol gavage attenuates hemorrhage/resuscitation-induced hepatic oxidative stress in rats
(2012)
Acute ethanol intoxication increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hemorrhagic shock with subsequent resuscitation (H/R) also induces ROS resulting in cellular and hepatic damage in vivo. We examined the role of acute ethanol intoxication upon oxidative stress and subsequent hepatic cell death after H/R. 14 h before H/R, rats were gavaged with single dose of ethanol or saline (5 g/kg, EtOH and ctrl; H/R_EtOH or H/R_ctrl, resp.). Then, rats were hemorrhaged to a mean arterial blood pressure of 30 ± 2 mmHg for 60 min and resuscitated. Two control groups underwent surgical procedures without H/R (sham_ctrl and sham_EtOH, resp.). Liver tissues were harvested at 2, 24, and 72 h after resuscitation. EtOH-gavage induced histological picture of acute fatty liver. Hepatic oxidative (4-hydroxynonenal, 4-HNE) and nitrosative (3-nitrotyrosine, 3-NT) stress were significantly reduced in EtOH-gavaged rats compared to controls after H/R. Proapoptotic caspase-8 and Bax expressions were markedly diminished in EtOH-gavaged animals compared with controls 2 h after resuscitation. EtOH-gavage increased antiapoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression compared with controls 2 h after resuscitation. iNOS protein expression increased following H/R but was attenuated in EtOH-gavaged animals after H/R. Taken together, the data suggest that acute EtOH-gavage may attenuate H/R-induced oxidative stress thereby reducing cellular injury in rat liver.
Background: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and NF-κB play important roles in the inflammatory response after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (H/R). Here, the role of myeloid HIF-1α in liver hypoxia, injury, and inflammation after H/R with special regard to NF-κB activation was studied.
Methods: Mice with a conditional HIF-1α knockout (KO) in myeloid cell-line and wild-type (WT) controls were hemorrhaged for 90 min ( mm Hg) and resuscitated. Controls underwent only surgical procedures.
Results: After six hours, H/R enhanced the expression of HIF-1α-induced genes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and adrenomedullin (ADM). In KO mice, this was not observed. H/R-induced liver injury in HIF-1α KO was comparable to WT. Elevated plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels after H/R were not reduced by HIF-1α KO. Local hepatic hypoxia was not significantly reduced in HIF-1α KO compared to controls after H/R. H/R-induced NF-κB phosphorylation in liver did not significantly differ between WT and KO.
Conclusions: Here, deleting HIF-1α in myeloid cells and thereby in Kupffer cells was not protective after H/R. This data indicates that other factors, such as NF-κB, due to its upregulated phosphorylation in WT and KO mice, contrary to HIF-1α, are rather key modulators of inflammation after H/R in our model.
Influence of antibiotic management on microbial selection and infectious complications after trauma
(2021)
Background: The inflammatory response and post-traumatic complications like infections play an important role in the pathophysiology of severe injuries. This study examines the microbiological aspects in anti-infective treatment of trauma patients and their inflammatory response in post-traumatic infections complications. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in trauma patients (ISS ≥ 16) over a 1-year period (01/2018 to 12/2018) is provided. Patient population was stratified into severely injured patients without post-traumatic infection (inf-PT), and severely injured patients who developed an infection (inf+PT).Results: Of 114 trauma patients, 45 suffered from post-traumatic infection during the first 10 days of hospitalization. Severely injured patients with concomitant traumatic brain injury (PT+TBI) showed the highest rate of post-traumatic infection. Pro-inflammatory reaction was tracked by levels of Interleukin (IL-)6 (day 3: inf+T 190.8 ± 359.4 pg/dL > inf-PT 56.2 ± 57.7 pg/mL (mean ± SD); p = 0.008) and C-Reactive-Protein (CRP, day 3: inf+PT 15.3 mg/dL > inf-PT 6.7 mg/dL, p = 0.001) which were significantly higher in trauma patients who develop an infectious complication and showed a significant positive correlation with the occurrence of infection. The leading entity of infection was pneumonia followed by infections of the urinary tract mainly caused by gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae. 67.5% of all trauma patients received single-shot antibiosis during initial care in trauma bay. The development of secondary colonization was not relevant positively correlated with single-shot antibiosis (r = 0.013, p = 0.895) and prophylactically calculated antibiotic administration (r = 0.066, p = 0.500).Conclusion: Severely injured trauma patients have an increased risk for development of infectious complications, which mainly is pneumonia followed by infection of the urinary tract mainly caused by gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae. Based on the data in this study, the one-time antibiotic and prophylactic calculated use of antibiotics, like Cephalosporins must be critically discussed in terms of their role in the development of post-traumatic infections and microbial selection.
Regeneration of large bone defects is a major objective in trauma surgery. Bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMC)-supported bone healing was shown to be efficient after immobilization on a scaffold. We hypothesized that fibrous demineralized bone matrix (DBM) in various forms with BMCs is superior to granular DBM. A total of 65 male SD rats were assigned to five treatment groups: syngenic cancellous bone (SCB), fibrous demineralized bone matrix (f-DBM), fibrous demineralized bone matrix densely packed (f-DBM 120%), DBM granules (GDBM) and DBM granules 5% calcium phosphate (GDBM5%Ca2+). BMCs from donor rats were combined with different scaffolds and placed into 5 mm femoral bone defects. After 8 weeks, bone mineral density (BMD), biomechanical stability and histology were assessed. Similar biomechanical properties of f-DBM and SCB defects were observed. Similar bone and cartilage formation was found in all groups, but a significantly bigger residual defect size was found in GDBM. High bone healing scores were found in f-DBM (25) and SCB (25). The application of DBM in fiber form combined with the application of BMCs shows promising results comparable to the gold standard, syngenic cancellous bone. Denser packing of fibers or higher amount of calcium phosphate has no positive effect.
