Open Access

Imitation paradigms are used in various domains of developmental psychological research to assess various cognitive processes such as memory (deferred imitation), action perception and action understanding (mainly direct imitation), as well as categorization and learning about objects (deferred imitation with a change in target objects and generalized imitation). Although these processes are most likely not independent from each other, their relations are still largely unclear. On the one hand, deferred imitation studies have shown that infants' performance improves with increasing age, resulting in the reproduction of more target actions after longer delay intervals. On the other hand, imitation studies focusing on infants' action understanding have found that infants do not necessarily imitate the model's exact actions – actions or action steps that seem to be irrational or irrelevant are omitted by infants under certain circumstances (selective imitation). Additionally, findings of imitation studies that require a transfer of the target actions to novel objects have demonstrated that infants do not only learn about actions, but also about objects, when they engage in imitation. The present dissertation aims at integrating different perspectives of imitation research by testing 12- and 18-month-old infants in deferred imitation tests consisting of functional vs. arbitrary target actions, and by combining deferred imitation with eye tracking in half of the experiments. A deferred imitation paradigm was chosen to assess memory performance. Systematic variation of target action characteristics enabled the assessment of infants' imitation pattern, i.e., if they would imitate one kind of target actions more frequently than the other. Functionality was chosen as the action characteristic in focus because function is an object's most important property, thus this variation might shed some light on infants' learning about objects in the context of an imitation test. The main goal of the eye tracking experiments was to tackle the relations between infants' visual attention to, and deferred imitation of, different kinds of target actions. The behavioral experiments revealed that both 12- and 18-month-olds imitated significantly more functional than arbitrary target actions after a delay of 30 minutes. In addition, while 12-month-olds showed a memory effect only for functional actions, 18-month-olds showed a memory effect for both kinds of actions. Thus, 12-month-olds imitated strictly selectively, and 18-month-olds imitated more exactly. This shows that the well established memory effect is modulated by target action functionality, which affects 12- and 18-month-olds' imitation differently. Furthermore, when retested after a two weeks delay, 18-month-olds' performance rates of functional and arbitrary target actions decreased parallel. This suggests that selective imitation is not affected by the duration of the retention interval, and that selection of target actions takes place at an earlier stage of action perception and memory processes. In the eye tracking experiments, both 12- and 18-month-olds' imitation patterns replicated the findings of the behavioral experiments, showing consistently higher imitation rates of functional than arbitrary target actions. Contrary to this, infants' fixation times to the target actions were not affected by target action functionality. This contrast was supported by statistical analyses that found no clear correspondence between visual attention to and deferred imitation of target actions. This suggests that selective imitation cannot be explained by selective visual attention. Nevertheless, finer-grained analyses of gaze and imitation data in the 18 months old group suggested that infants' increased attention to the social-communicative context of the imitation task was related to more exact imitation, i.e. imitation of not only functional, but also arbitrary target actions. The findings are discussed against the background of imitation theories, with regard to the relations between different cognitive processes underlying infants' imitation, such as memory, action perception and learning about objects.