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Men and women differ substantially regarding height, weight, and body fat. Interestingly, previous work detecting genetic effects for waist-to-hip ratio, to assess body fat distribution, has found that many of these showed sex-differences. However, systematic searches for sex-differences in genetic effects have not yet been conducted. Therefore, we undertook a genome-wide search for sexually dimorphic genetic effects for anthropometric traits including 133,723 individuals in a large meta-analysis and followed promising variants in further 137,052 individuals, including a total of 94 studies. We identified seven loci with significant sex-difference including four previously established (near GRB14/COBLL1, LYPLAL1/SLC30A10, VEGFA, ADAMTS9) and three novel anthropometric trait loci (near MAP3K1, HSD17B4, PPARG), all of which were significant in women, but not in men. Of interest is that sex-difference was only observed for waist phenotypes, but not for height or body-mass-index. We found no evidence for sex-differences with opposite effect direction for men and women. The PPARG locus is of specific interest due to its link to diabetes genetics and therapy. Our findings demonstrate the importance of investigating sex differences, which may lead to a better understanding of disease mechanisms with a potential relevance to treatment options.
The corporate convergence debate is usually presented in terms of competing efficiency and political claims. Convergence optimists assert that an economic logic will promote convergence on the most efficient form of economic organization, usually taken to be the public corporation governed under rules designed to maximize shareholder value. Convergence skeptics counterclaim that organizational diversity is possible, even probable, because of path dependent development of institutional complementarities whose abandonment is likely to be inefficient. The skeptics also assert that existing elites will use their political and economic advantages to block reform; the optimists counterclaim that the spread of shareholding will reshape politics.
Ich möchte diese Gelegenheit nutzen, um die amerikanische Sicht auf einen wohl immer bedeutenderen Bestandteil der deutschen Corporate Governance-Landschaft, das feindliche Übernahmeangebot, darzustellen. Ob Übernahmeangebote von einem ausländischen Bieter abgegeben werden (man denke nur an das Gebot von Vodafone an die Aktionäre von Mannesmann oder an das Gebot von Barilla für Kamps), oder ob es von einem einheimischen Bieter stammt – wer könnte Krupps Gebot für Thyssen vergessen ? –: Feindliche Übernahmegebote betreffen nicht nur die Führungsorgane der einzelnen Zielunternehmen, sondern, wegen ihrer Bedrohung für festgefahrene Geschäftsmuster, auch das ökonomische und politische Umfeld.
