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We report high statistics measurements of inclusive charged hadron production in Au+Au and p+p collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV. A large, approximately constant hadron suppression is observed in central Au+Au collisions for 5<pT<12 GeV/c. The collision energy dependence of the yields and the centrality and pT dependence of the suppression provide stringent constraints on theoretical models of suppression. Models incorporating initial-state gluon saturation or partonic energy loss in dense matter are largely consistent with observations. We observe no evidence of pT-dependent suppression, which may be expected from models incorporating jet attenuation in cold nuclear matter or scattering of fragmentation hadrons.
Im Sinne einer "Reisefolgenforschung" wird in dieser Studie danach gefragt, wie sich die ehmalige Landesregentin während des Italienaufenthalts der Kunst und Gesellschaft Italiens näherte, und inwieweit sie in den Jahren danach in der Residenz Weimar als Vermittlerin italienischer Kultur auftrat - Kultur verstanden als die Manifestationen, in denen sich eine Gesellschaft über ihre Lebensformen verständigt. Dies schließt den Konsum und die Verständigung über die Künste mit ein, auf denen der Schwerpunkt das Aufsatzes liegt. Die komplizierte Rezeptionsgeschichte, die Anna Amalia eine außerordentliche Bedeutung als Mäzenin zuschreiben wollte, interessiert an dieser Stelle nicht. Es handelt sich um eine Fallstudie, welche die Handlungsspieräume hochadliger Frauen im Alten Reich vermisst. Damit soll die identifikatorische und idealisierende Umfeldforschung zu den Protagonisten der "Weimarer Klassik" verlassen und Anschluß an die allgemeine Hof- und Reisefoschung gesucht werden.
Die zentralen Begriffe "Kunstliebhaberei", "Geselligkeit" und "Mäzenatentum" vorab verbindlich zu klären, ist im Hinblick auf die unterschiedlichen Fragen, Methoden und Erkenntnisinteressen der Einzeldisziplinen, die sich mit Anna Amalias "Musenhof" beschäftigen, nur bedingt möglich. Die Studien dieses Bandes [- hervorgegangen aus einer Tagung des Jenaer Sonderforschungsbereichs 482 "Ereignis Weimar-Jena. Kultur um 1800" im Jahre 1999 -] sollen jedoch Wege weisen, ihre gegenseitige Bedingtheit, aber auch ihre Eigenständigkeit stärker deutlich zu machen. [Die Studienergebnisse sowie die daraus resultierenden neuen Fragestellungen innerhalb der Forschung präsentiert Justus H. Ulbricht überblicksartig im Einleitungstext zum 2001 erschienen Tagungsband.]
Zum 16. Geburtstag des Erbprinzen Carl August von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach am 3. September 1773 ließ sein Lehrer Christoph Martin Wieland im Weimarer Hoftheater "Die Wahl des Herkules", eine »dramatische Cantate«, aufführen. Das auf den antiken Autor Prodikos von Keos zurückgehende Motiv der Wahl des jungen Halbgotts zwischen dem steinigen Pfad der Tugend und dem verderblichen Weg der Wollust bzw. des Lasters war in allen künstlerischen Gattungen besonders populär. Kaum ein Stoff schien für Fürstenlob und dynastische Repräsentation besser geeignet zu sein. Insofern stand Wielands "Wahl des Herkules", wenngleich im aufklärerischen Duktus akzentuiert, motiv- und formgeschichtlich in einer langen, gesamteuropäischen Tradition. Konnte Wieland 1773 an eine mit der Dynastie oder dem Ort »Weimar« verbundene Tradition des Herkules-Mythos anknüpfen, oder bediente er sich des Motivs schlicht deshalb, weil es sich seiner europaweiten Verbreitung wegen als ein eingängiger und formbarer Stoff für seine reichsweite Wirkungsabsicht anbot? Ich frage also danach, in welchen Medien und in welchen Formen das Herkules-Motiv in Weimar seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters erscheint, und wie sich Weimar diesen europäischen Mythos aneignete. Diese Spurensuche, die sich auf die bildenden Künste und die Hofkultur (Feste, Gelegenheitsdichtung, Theater) konzentriert, markiert auf vielen Feldern eher Wissenslücken, als sie diese füllen kann; wo Medien und Agenten in der Aneignung, Umformung oder Zurückweisung des Mythos greifbar sind, wird sie (in Ansätzen) zur Transferanalyse, wo diese Vermittler (noch) nicht aufzuspüren sind, bleibt sie eher Rezeptionsgeschichte.
Im Folgendem werden (I.) die Handlungsspielräume und Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten der weiblichen Obervormünderin und Landesadministratorin Anna Amalia umrissen. Dann wird (II.) diskutiert, welche Formen und Handlungsspielräume sie während dieser Zeit für ihre Ambitionen als Kunstliebhaberin und dilettierende Künstlerin fand. Abschließend wird (III.) die Ausgangsfrage aufgenommen - "höfische Musenpflege als weiblicher Rückzugsraum?" Es handelt sich ausdrücklich um eine Fallstudie, um den Zusammenhang zwischen Hofkultur und aufklärerischen Reformen zu thematisieren. Vergleiche müssen mangels Raum und ähnlicher Studien außen vor bleiben.
We report inclusive photon measurements about midrapidity ( |y| <0.5 ) from 197 Au + 197 Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=130 GeV at RHIC. Photon pair conversions were reconstructed from electron and positron tracks measured with the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) of the STAR experiment. With this method, an energy resolution of Delta E/E ~ 2% at 0.5 GeV has been achieved. Reconstructed photons have also been used to measure the transverse momentum ( pt ) spectra of pi 0 mesons about midrapidity ( |y| <1 ) via the pi 0 --> gamma gamma decay channel. The fractional contribution of the pi 0 --> gamma gamma decay to the inclusive photon spectrum decreases by 20%±5% between pt =1.65 GeV/c and pt =2.4 GeV/c in the most central events, indicating that relative to pi 0 --> gamma gamma decay the contribution of other photon sources is substantially increasing.
We report on the rapidity and centrality dependence of proton and antiproton transverse mass distributions from 197Au + 197Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=130 GeV as measured by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Our results are from the rapidity and transverse momentum range of |y| <0.5 and 0.35< pt <1.00 GeV/c . For both protons and antiprotons, transverse mass distributions become more convex from peripheral to central collisions demonstrating characteristics of collective expansion. The measured rapidity distributions and the mean transverse momenta versus rapidity are flat within |y| <0.5 . Comparisons of our data with results from model calculations indicate that in order to obtain a consistent picture of the proton (antiproton) yields and transverse mass distributions the possibility of prehadronic collective expansion may have to be taken into account.
We present the first large-acceptance measurement of event-wise mean transverse momentum <pt> fluctuations for Au-Au collisions at nucleon-nucleon center-of-momentum collision energy sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV. The observed nonstatistical <pt> fluctuations substantially exceed in magnitude fluctuations expected from the finite number of particles produced in a typical collision. The r.m.s. fractional width excess of the event-wise <pt> distribution is 13.7±0.1(stat) ±1.3(syst)% relative to a statistical reference, for the 15% most-central collisions and for charged hadrons within pseudorapidity range | eta |<1,2 pi azimuth, and 0.15 <= pt <= 2 GeV/c. The width excess varies smoothly but nonmonotonically with collision centrality and does not display rapid changes with centrality which might indicate the presence of critical fluctuations. The reported <pt> fluctuation excess is qualitatively larger than those observed at lower energies and differs markedly from theoretical expectations. Contributions to <pt> fluctuations from semihard parton scattering in the initial state and dissipation in the bulk colored medium are discussed.
We present STAR measurements of the azimuthal anisotropy parameter v2 and the binary-collision scaled centrality ratio RCP for kaons and lambdas ( Lambda + Lambda -bar) at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV. In combination, the v2 and RCP particle-type dependencies contradict expectations from partonic energy loss followed by standard fragmentation in vacuum. We establish pT ~ 5 GeV/c as the value where the centrality dependent baryon enhancement ends. The K0S and Lambda + Lambda -bar v2 values are consistent with expectations of constituent-quark-number scaling from models of hadron formation by parton coalescence or recombination.
Pion-kaon correlation functions are constructed from central Au+Au STAR data taken at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV by the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The results suggest that pions and kaons are not emitted at the same average space-time point. Space-momentum correlations, i.e., transverse flow, lead to a space-time emission asymmetry of pions and kaons that is consistent with the data. This result provides new independent evidence that the system created at RHIC undergoes a collective transverse expansion.
Data from the first physics run at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV, have been analyzed by the STAR Collaboration using three-pion correlations with charged pions to study whether pions are emitted independently at freeze-out. We have made a high-statistics measurement of the three-pion correlation function and calculated the normalized three-particle correlator to obtain a quantitative measurement of the degree of chaoticity of the pion source. It is found that the degree of chaoticity seems to increase with increasing particle multiplicity.
The balance function is a new observable based on the principle that charge is locally conserved when particles are pair produced. Balance functions have been measured for charged particle pairs and identified charged pion pairs in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider using STAR. Balance functions for peripheral collisions have widths consistent with model predictions based on a superposition of nucleon-nucleon scattering. Widths in central collisions are smaller, consistent with trends predicted by models incorporating late hadronization.
We present the results of charged particle fluctuations measurements in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=130 GeV using the STAR detector. Dynamical fluctuations measurements are presented for inclusive charged particle multiplicities as well as for identified charged pions, kaons, and protons. The net charge dynamical fluctuations are found to be large and negative providing clear evidence that positive and negative charged particle production is correlated within the pseudorapidity range investigated. Correlations are smaller than expected based on model-dependent predictions for a resonance gas or a quark-gluon gas which undergoes fast hadronization and freeze-out. Qualitative agreement is found with comparable scaled p+p measurements and a heavy ion jet interaction generation model calculation based on independent particle collisions, although a small deviation from the 1/N scaling dependence expected from this model is observed.
We report measurements of single-particle inclusive spectra and two-particle azimuthal distributions of charged hadrons at high transverse momentum (high pT) in minimum bias and central d+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV. The inclusive yield is enhanced in d+Au collisions relative to binary-scaled p+p collisions, while the two-particle azimuthal distributions are very similar to those observed in p+p collisions. These results demonstrate that the strong suppression of the inclusive yield and back-to-back correlations at high pT previously observed in central Au+Au collisions are due to final-state interactions with the dense medium generated in such collisions.
Azimuthal anisotropy (v2) and two-particle angular correlations of high pT charged hadrons have been measured in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV for transverse momenta up to 6 GeV/c, where hard processes are expected to contribute significantly. The two-particle angular correlations exhibit elliptic flow and a structure suggestive of fragmentation of high pT partons. The monotonic rise of v2(pT) for pT<2 GeV/c is consistent with collective hydrodynamical flow calculations. At pT>3 GeV/c, a saturation of v2 is observed which persists up to pT=6 GeV/c.
Azimuthal anisotropy (v2) and two-particle angular correlations of high pT charged hadrons have been measured in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV for transverse momenta up to 6 GeV/c, where hard processes are expected to contribute significantly. The two-particle angular correlations exhibit elliptic flow and a structure suggestive of fragmentation of high pT partons. The monotonic rise of v2(pT) for pT<2 GeV/c is consistent with collective hydrodynamical flow calculations. At pT>3 GeV/c, a saturation of v2 is observed which persists up to pT=6 GeV/c.
Transverse mass and rapidity distributions for charged pions, charged kaons, protons, and antiprotons are reported for sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV pp and Au+Au collisions at Relativistic Heary Ion Collider (RHIC). Chemical and kinetic equilibrium model fits to our data reveal strong radial flow and long duration from chemical to kinetic freeze-out in central Au+Au collisions. The chemical freeze-out temperature appears to be independent of initial conditions at RHIC energies.
Measurements of the production of forward high-energy pi 0 mesons from transversely polarized proton collisions at sqrt[s]=200 GeV are reported. The cross section is generally consistent with next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations. The analyzing power is small at xF below about 0.3, and becomes positive and large at higher xF, similar to the trend in data at sqrt[s] <= 20 GeV. The analyzing power is in qualitative agreement with perturbative QCD model expectations. This is the first significant spin result seen for particles produced with pT>1 GeV/c at a polarized proton collider.
We report results on rho (770)0--> pi + pi - production at midrapidity in p+p and peripheral Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV. This is the first direct measurement of rho (770)0--> pi + pi - in heavy-ion collisions. The measured rho 0 peak in the invariant mass distribution is shifted by ~40 MeV/c2 in minimum bias p+p interactions and ~70 MeV/c2 in peripheral Au+Au collisions. The rho 0 mass shift is dependent on transverse momentum and multiplicity. The modification of the rho 0 meson mass, width, and shape due to phase space and dynamical effects are discussed.
We report the first observations of the first harmonic (directed flow, v1) and the fourth harmonic (v4), in the azimuthal distribution of particles with respect to the reaction plane in Au+Au collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Both measurements were done taking advantage of the large elliptic flow (v2) generated at RHIC. From the correlation of v2 with v1 it is determined that v2 is positive, or in-plane. The integrated v4 is about a factor of 10 smaller than v2. For the sixth (v6) and eighth (v8) harmonics upper limits on the magnitudes are reported.