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In my contribution it’s about testaments made by german citizen of Cracow. The material is based on texts of last wills of people representing a minority of citizen of Cracow, the patrician families. The tastators where drawn dealer and trademans, which also pushing the development of the region. The texttype testament often marginalized by linguistics. I aske in opposite of this from the perspective of ontology and pragmatism: What is the deeper linguistic structure of this relative formalized texttype. I show in my analysis the texts of a last will include not only declarative (resp. indirect declarative) acts of speech but also a variety of assertive and directive elements. I don’t want to decide the justice of an act of speech but I have a catalogue of repetitive facultative phrases and combine this with particular narrations of certain paragraphs of testaments. This element not only refers to the private sphere of the tastators (conflicts or emotions) but uncover the social, educational and in part religious attitude of the testators. And so at least fully developed testaments let understood as selfreports.
The aim of this paper is to show how Grimmelshausen uses forms of addressing and which factors are important for the choice of address in the novel Simplicissimus. The research of indirect speaking in novel texts of the baroque is a desiderate in science. The result is: Often pragmatic motives of situation figure rather the choice of address then conventions of social classes. The balance between power semantic and solidary semantic as well as human affects and emotions regulate how literary characters are addressing other characters. The reason for that is that most authors refer to novel texts with members of the society’s elite. Contrary it can be argued that Grimmelshausen uses many different levels of society. Therefore, we can suppose, that our investigation makes the understanding of how politeness is working round. It is based on knowledge of a dynamic language.