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Men and women differ substantially regarding height, weight, and body fat. Interestingly, previous work detecting genetic effects for waist-to-hip ratio, to assess body fat distribution, has found that many of these showed sex-differences. However, systematic searches for sex-differences in genetic effects have not yet been conducted. Therefore, we undertook a genome-wide search for sexually dimorphic genetic effects for anthropometric traits including 133,723 individuals in a large meta-analysis and followed promising variants in further 137,052 individuals, including a total of 94 studies. We identified seven loci with significant sex-difference including four previously established (near GRB14/COBLL1, LYPLAL1/SLC30A10, VEGFA, ADAMTS9) and three novel anthropometric trait loci (near MAP3K1, HSD17B4, PPARG), all of which were significant in women, but not in men. Of interest is that sex-difference was only observed for waist phenotypes, but not for height or body-mass-index. We found no evidence for sex-differences with opposite effect direction for men and women. The PPARG locus is of specific interest due to its link to diabetes genetics and therapy. Our findings demonstrate the importance of investigating sex differences, which may lead to a better understanding of disease mechanisms with a potential relevance to treatment options.
A floristic survey of 40 x 0.1 ha plots within the Demon Nature Reserve, 30 km east-south-east (lat. 29°05'S, long 152°15'E) of Tenterfield, was conducted in March, 1997. The Reserve (887 hectares in area) is on a western facing escarpment ranging from 500–1000 m above sea level. The survey data were analysed and seven vegetation communities defined. This paper describes the seven communities and discusses their significance and distribution within the reserve. A vegetation map and plant species list are provided.
The first collections of Eucalyptus cannonii were made by R.T. Baker in 1892, during collecting trips to the Rylstone and Goulburn River areas. Although Baker (1896) made numerous notes on many of the plants collected at that time, he made no remarks on the variation in Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (which then included Eucalyptus cannonii) despite claiming so in his later description of the taxon (Baker 1919).
Recognition of the variation shown in what was to become Eucalyptus cannonii was given by Maiden (1907) in his "Critical revision of the genus Eucalyptus" (as Eucalyptus macrorhyncha "grandiflora" form). Maiden highlighted the collections made by Baker from Rylstone and Mt Vincent as being coarser in form with a very prominent rim.
Baker (1919) described this taxon as Eucalyptus cannonii, named after Herbarium assistant Mr D. Cannon. Despite Maiden's comments, Baker (1919) indicated that data presented to him by Mr G. Harris (collector of the material cited by Baker) convinced him of the distinctiveness of the taxon. Eucalyptus cannonii was separated from Eucalyptus macrorhyncha on the shape of the fruit, buds, inflorescence and features of the timber and bark.
Penfold and Willis (1961) considered Eucalyptus cannonii to be distinctive local race of E. macrorhyncha and Johnson and Blaxell (1973) reduced E. cannonii to a subspecies of E. macrorhyncha, based on the intergradation where their ranges overlap. Hill (1991) retained specific status for Eucalyptus cannonii.
The vegetation of Gibraltar Range National Park and adjoining parts of eastern Washpool National Park, 65 km east of Glen Innes (29° 31’S 152° 18’E) on the eastern escarpment of New South Wales is described. In total 124, 20m x 50m full vascular plant floristic sites were recorded and information from an additional 53 sites was collated. Thirteen vegetation assemblages are defined based on flexible UPGMA analysis of cover-abundance scores of all vascular plant taxa. Many of the vegetation communities are typical of what is found along the north eastern escarpment of NSW. Three communities are considered to be rare and two vulnerable. A total of 878 vascular plant taxa from 138 families were recorded, of which only 21 (2%) were of introduced origin and 81 (9%) were found to be of conservation significance. Pattern diversity, species density, species accumulation and average geographic range size, along with general measures of richness and diversity, were analysed for all communities. Each of the communities described varied considerably in the diversity attributes measured. Communities with a high number of shrubs had greater constancy between sites compared to those that contained a high number of closed forest species. The community from rock outcrops had the largest average geographical range size.
The vegetation of Kwiambal National Park and surrounds, 30 km north-west of Ashford (29°07'S, 150°58'E) in the Inverell Shire on the North Western Slopes, is described. Eight plant communities are defined based on flexible UPGMA analysis of relative abundance scores of vascular plant taxa. These communities are mapped based on ground truthing, air photo interpretation and geological substrate. All communities are of woodland structure and most are dominated by Callitris glaucophylla, Eucalyptus melanophloia and Eucalyptus dealbata. Communities are: 1) Mixed Stand Woodland (Dry Rainforest), 2) Granite Woodland, 3) Metasediment Woodland, 4) Riverine, 5) Metabasalt Woodland, 6) Granite Open Woodland, 7) Limestone Woodland, and 8) Alluvial Woodland.
Many of the taxa (407 species were recorded) show phytogeographic affinities with western south-east Queensland flora. This is also true of the communities defined. Five ROTAP listed species have been found in the Park: Acacia williamsiana, Astrotricha roddii, Euphorbia sarcostemmoides, Olearia gravis and Thesium australe, three of these are listed on the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995). Another ten taxa are considered to be at their geographic limit or disjunct in their distribution. 17% are exotic in origin.
The vegetation of Ironbark Nature Reserve (1603 ha) and Bornhardtia Voluntary Conservation Agreement (704 ha), 75 km north west of Armidale, 30 km north east of Barraba (30°19’S, 150°53’E) in the Barraba Shire, in the Northern Tablelands Bioregion NSW, is described. Eleven communities are defined based on flexible UPGMA analysis of coverabundance scores of all vascular plant taxa. These communities are mapped based on ground truthing, air photo interpretation and substrate. All communities are simple in structure being primarily of woodlands or shrublands.
Communities described are: (1) Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (Red Stringybark) – Eucalyptus blakelyi (Red Gum) Woodlands, (2) Eucalyptus caleyi (Caley’s Ironbark) – Eucalyptus andrewsii (Western New England Blackbutt) Woodlands, (3) Eucalyptus prava (Orange Gum) – Eucalyptus andrewsii (Western New England Blackbutt) Woodlands, (4) Eucalyptus dealbata (Tumbledown Gum) – Eucalyptus caleyi (Caley’s Ironbark) Woodlands, (5) Eucalyptus prava (Orange Gum) – Eucalyptus blakelyi (Red Gum) Woodlands, (6) Eucalyptus quinniorum (Quinn’s Gum) – Eucalyptus prava (Orange Gum) Forests, (7) Angophora floribunda (Rough-barked Apple) – Eucalyptus blakelyi (Red Gum) Woodlands, (8) Casuarina cunninghamiana (River Oak) – Eucalyptus blakelyi (Red Gum) – Angophora floribunda (Apple) Forests, (9) Calytrix tetragona (Fringe Myrtle) – Ozothamnus obcordatus (Daisy Bush) Open Shrublands, (10) Homoranthus bornhardtiensis Open Shrublands and (11) Leptospermum polygalifolium (Tea-tree) Wetland.
All communities described here are inadequately represented in the conservation network with one (White-Box – Yellow-Box – Blakely's Red Gum Woodland) listed as endangered on the NSW TSC Act. Both conservation areas and neighbouring parcels of land contain extensive areas of little disturbed high quality "old growth". 38 species are of conservation significance of which one is listed as Vulnerable and one Endangered on the NSW TSC Act. The broader remnant is under increasing pressure for clearing for grazing production and the combined area of both reserves is considered to be inadequate to protect the significant features of the local region.
Naree and Yantabulla stations (31,990 ha) are found 60 km south-east of Hungerford and 112 km north-west of Bourke, New South Wales (lat. 29° 55'S; long. 150°37'N). The properties occur on the Cuttaburra Creek within the Mulga Lands Bioregion. We describe the vegetation assemblages found on these properties within three hierarchical levels (Group, Alliance & Association). Vegetation levels are defined based on flexible UPGMA analysis of coverabundance scores of all vascular plant taxa. These vegetation units are mapped based on extensive ground truthing, SPOT5 imagery interpretation and substrate. Three ‘Group’ level vegetation types are described: Mulga Complex, Shrublands Complex and Floodplain Wetlands Complex. Within these Groups nine ‘Alliances’ are described: Rat’s tail Couch – Lovegrass Grasslands, Canegrass Grasslands, Lignum – Glinus Shrublands, Coolibah – Black Box Woodlands, Turpentine – Button Grass – Windmill Grass Shrublands, Turpentine – Hop Bush – Kerosene Grass shrublands and Mulga Shrublands. Sixteen ‘Associations’ are described 1) Mulga – Poplar Box Shrubland, 2) Mulga – Poplar Box – Bastard Mulga Shrubland, 3) Turpentine – Hop Bush – Senna Shrubland, 4) Turpentine – Elegant Wattle – Boobialla Shrubland, 5) Turpentine – Hop Bush – Daisy Bush Shrubland, 5) Belah – Rosewood – Turpentine Bush Shrubland, 6) Belah – Rosewood – Turpentine Bush Shrubland, 7) Ironwood – Leopardwood – Supplejack Shrubland, 8) Yapunyah – Black Box – River Cooba Woodland, 9) Coolibah – River Cooba – Yapunyah Woodland, 10) Rat’s tail Couch – Lovegrass – Fairy Grass Grassland and Herbfield, 11) Rat’s tail Couch – Lovegrass – Purslane Grassland and Herbfield, 12) Darling Pratia – Rat’s tail Couch – Spike Rush Herbfield, 13) Canegrass Grassland, 14) Glinus – Groundsel – Lignum Herbfield, 15) Poplar Box – Mulga – Coolibah Woodland and 16) Black Box Woodland. In total 355 vascular plant taxa were found of which 6% were considered exotic in origin. A population of Dentella minutissima; a species listed as threatened (endangered) under the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 was found. A summary of select structural and habitat attributes within Alliances is also presented.
A survey of the population of the parasitic herb Thesium australe R.Br. (family Santalaceae) in Booroolong Nature Reserve, northwest of Armidale, found it was restricted to an eastern facing lower slope on metasediments, within regenerating grassy woodland of Eucalyptus nova-anglica H.Deane & Maiden (New England Peppermint) and a predominantly Themeda triandra Forssk. (Kangaroo Grass) and Sorghum leiocladum (Hack.) C.E.Hubb. (Native Sorghum) understorey. The population is in two clusters over a total area approximately 260 m long by 40 m wide and was estimated to be about 800 individuals at the time of survey (May 2014). Current threats include a maintenance trail, erosion of creek bank, stray cattle and sheep, rabbits and Rubus anglocandicans A.Newton (Blackberry) invasion. It is recommended that further searches be conducted and that monitoring occur on a regular basis using the permanently marked sites and methodology used in this survey.
The vegetation of Burnt Down Scrub Nature Reserve, 15 km south west of Baryugil in the Parish of Carnham on the North Coast of New South Wales is described. A floristic survey of 28x0.04 ha plots was conducted in December of 1999. Five communities are defined based on flexible UPGMA analysis of abundance scores of vascular plant taxa. These communities are mapped based on ground truthing, air photo interpretation and substrate.
A total of 355 vascular plant taxa was recorded including four species listed as rare or threatened: Marsdenia liisae, Olearia heterocarpa, Sarcochilus weinthalii and Tinospora smilacina. This paper describes the communities and discusses their significance and distribution within the Nature Reserve. A vegetation map and species list are provided.
Vegetation of montane bogs in east-flowing catchments of northern New England, New South Wales
(2007)
The floristics of the montane bogs in east-flowing catchments of northern New England, north-eastern New South Wales (lat 28° 47’–31° 25’ S; long 151° 50’–152° 30’ E), are described from 62 full floristic survey sites (20 x 20 m in area). Eight vegetation communities are based on flexible UPGMA analysis of cover-abundance scores of vascular plant taxa. Shrub species make up 26% of the flora and herb species 69%, with the remaining taxa trees, climbers or vines. Shrub species were of little diagnostic value, as a few common dominants were shared across most communities. The herbaceous layer was found to be of better circumscriptive value. Communities described (based on dominant herbaceous species) are: (1) Themeda australis – Gonocarpus micranthus, (2) Baumea articulata – Baloskion stenocoleum, (3) Lepidosperma limicola – Baloskion stenocoleum, (4) Baloskion fimbriatum – Lomandra longifolia, (5) Lepyrodia scariosa – Blandfordia grandiflora, (6) Lepidosperma gunnii – Lepidosperma scariosa, (7) Baloskion stenocoleum – Empodisma minus, (8) Lepidosperma limicola – Xyris operculata. The mean annual moisture index was found to account for 26% of the variation in species density. These montane bog systems are some of the richest in Australia, with a high number of rare and restricted taxa. They are vulnerable to both present landuse practices and future changes in climate, are restricted in area, and need further conservation efforts to ensure their long-term survival.