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Die Rechtsgeschichte hat dem vormodernen Asyl lange Zeit einen bestenfalls marginalen Platz eingeräumt und es häufig als Hindernis auf dem Weg zum staatlichen Gewalt- und Justizmonopol bewertet oder den angeblichen "Missbrauch" des Asyls betont. Gleiches gilt cum grano salis für die allgemeine Geschichte, die wenige, eng begrenzte lokale Fallstudien beigesteuert hat, während umfassendere Darstellungen zur Geschichte der "Menschenrechte" oder zur historischen Kriminalitätsforschung das vormoderne Asylrecht weitgehend ignorieren. Erst in jüngster Zeit nahm die Zahl der Arbeiten zu, die sich intensiver mit der Geschichte des Asyls beschäftigen und neue Erkenntnisse sowie Forschungsperspektiven beitragen. ...
Lange hat die Forschung die zehn Kreise des Heiligen Römischen Reiches deutscher Nation vernachlässigt. Ließen diese sich doch kaum in das Modell der europäischen (National-)Staatsbildung einordnen. Die Reichskreise bildeten eine separate, spezifische verfassungsrechtliche Ebene zwischen der im Reich nur schwach ausgeprägten "Zentralgewalt", repräsentiert durch Kaiser und Reichstag, und den einzelnen Reichsständen. Unter letzteren billigte die ältere Forschung nur den größeren Territorien staatliche Qualitäten zu. Das Reich wurde dagegen als ein zu moderner Staatsbildung unfähiges "Monstrum" abgetan, das insbesondere in der Gesetzgebung sowie in der Außen-, Wirtschafts-, Ordnungs- und Sicherheitspolitik versagt habe. Erst die jüngere Forschung hat gezeigt, dass das Alte Reich als Ganzes und die Reichsmitglieder durchaus staatliche Funktionen ausübten, und zwar auch im Bereich der frühneuzeitlichen Ordnungs- bzw. Policeygesetzgebung. Die Normenproduktion der Reichskreise und kleineren Reichsstände ist allerdings noch kaum erschlossen, und moderne Editionen gerade umfangreicherer, exemplarischer Policeyordnungen fehlen völlig. Die hier vorzustellenden, von Wolfgang Wüst herausgegebenen drei Bände zur "guten Policey im Reichskreis" bilden folglich nicht nur eine wertvolle Ergänzung zu dem im Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte entstandenen Repertorium der frühneuzeitlichen Policeyordnungen und den in diesem Kontext entstandenen Fallstudien, sondern sie verbinden mit den Themen "Reichskreise" und "Policeygesetzgebung" zwei wichtige Felder der Frühneuzeitforschung und eröffnen damit eine neue Perspektive auf die Gesetzgebungsgeschichte und die Entwicklung frühmoderner Staatlichkeit. ...
Konnte Michael Stolleis noch 1985 im Rechtshistorischen Journal beklagen, dass die Strafrechtsgeschichte ein blinder Fleck in der (rechts-)historischen Forschung sei, so ist seit etwa 1990 geradezu ein Boom der historischen Kriminalitätsforschung zu verzeichnen, der inzwischen auch die Rechtsgeschichte erfasst hat ...
Die vorliegende Münchner historische Dissertation untersucht am Beispiel der letzten Generation der Reichskammergerichtsassessoren die Wahrnehmung und Verarbeitung der Auflösung des Alten Reiches und die Bewältigung dieses epochalen Umbruchs durch die ehemaligen Richter bis in die Zeit des Deutschen Bundes hinein. Es geht folglich um Auflösung und Transfer eines Rechtssystems, das Mader am Beispiel der Bewältigungsstrategien der rund 20 Kammerrichter und ihrer Nachkarrieren detailliert rekonstruiert. Zwar fällt die Kritik des Verfassers an der "Untergangsorientierung" der Forschung zu einseitig und pauschal aus – denn diese hat das Funktionieren der Reichsverfassung auch in ihrer letzten Phase differenziert herausgearbeitet. Zutreffend ist jedoch, dass Fortwirkung, Kontinuität und Transfer des Alten Reiches, seines Rechts, seiner Institutionen und seiner Funktionsträger noch stärker erforscht werden sollten. ...
Recently, the conserved intracellular digestion mechanism ‘autophagy’ has been considered to be involved in early tumorigenesis and its blockade proposed as an alternative treatment approach. However, there is an ongoing debate about whether blocking autophagy has positive or negative effects in tumor cells. Since there is only poor data about the clinico-pathological relevance of autophagy in gliomas in vivo, we first established a cell culture based platform for the in vivo detection of the autophago-lysosomal components. We then investigated key autophagosomal (LC3B, p62, BAG3, Beclin1) and lysosomal (CTSB, LAMP2) molecules in 350 gliomas using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, immunoblotting and qPCR. Autophagy was induced pharmacologically or by altering oxygen and nutrient levels. Our results show that autophagy is enhanced in astrocytomas as compared to normal CNS tissue, but largely independent from the WHO grade and patient survival. A strong upregulation of LC3B, p62, LAMP2 and CTSB was detected in perinecrotic areas in glioblastomas suggesting micro-environmental changes as a driver of autophagy induction in gliomas. Furthermore, glucose restriction induced autophagy in a concentration-dependent manner while hypoxia or amino acid starvation had considerably lesser effects. Apoptosis and autophagy were separately induced in glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our findings indicate that autophagy in gliomas is rather driven by micro-environmental changes than by primary glioma-intrinsic features thus challenging the concept of exploitation of the autophago-lysosomal network (ALN) as a treatment approach in gliomas.
TMEM70 is involved in the biogenesis of mitochondrial ATP synthase and mutations in the TMEM70 gene impair oxidative phosphorylation. Herein, we report on pathology and treatment of ATP synthase deficiency in four siblings. A consanguineous family of Roma (Gipsy) ethnic origin gave birth to 6 children of which 4 were affected presenting with dysmorphic features, failure to thrive, cardiomyopathy, metabolic crises, and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria as clinical symptoms. Genetic testing revealed a homozygous mutation (c.317-2A>G) in the TMEM70 gene. While light microscopy was unremarkable, ultrastructural investigation of muscle tissue revealed accumulation of swollen degenerated mitochondria with lipid crystalloid inclusions, cristae aggregation, and exocytosis of mitochondrial material. Biochemical analysis of mitochondrial complexes showed an almost complete ATP synthase deficiency. Despite harbouring the same mutation, the clinical outcome in the four siblings was different. Two children died within 60 h after birth; the other two had recurrent life-threatening metabolic crises but were successfully managed with supplementation of anaplerotic amino acids, lipids, and symptomatic treatment during metabolic crisis. In summary, TMEM70 mutations can cause distinct ultrastructural mitochondrial degeneration and almost complete deficiency of ATP synthase but are still amenable to treatment.
BRAF V600E mutations occur frequently in malignant melanoma, but are rare in most malignant glioma subtypes. Besides, more benign brain tumors such as ganglioglioma, dysembryoblastic neuroepithelial tumours and supratentorial pilocytic astrocytomas, only pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas (50-78%) and epitheloid glioblastoma (50%) regularly exhibit BRAF mutations. In the present study, we report on three patients with recurrent malignant gliomas harbouring a BRAF V600E mutation. All patients presented with markedly disseminated leptomeningeal disease at recurrence and had progressed after radiotherapy and alkylating chemotherapy. Therefore, estimated life expectancy at recurrence was a few weeks. All three patients received dabrafenib as a single agent and all showed a complete or nearly complete response. Treatment is ongoing and patients are stable for 27 months, 7 months and 3 months, respectively. One patient showed a dramatic radiologic and clinical response after one week of treatment. We were able to generate an ex vivo tumor cell culture from CSF in one patient. Treatment of this cell culture with dabrafenib resulted in reduced cell density and inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in vitro. To date, this is the first series on adult patients with BRAF-mutated malignant glioma and leptomeningeal dissemination treated with dabrafenib monotherapy. All patients showed a dramatic response with one patient showing an ongoing response for more than two years.
Despite multidisciplinary local and systemic therapeutic approaches, the prognosis for most patients with brain metastases is still dismal. The role of adaptive and innate anti-tumor response including the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) machinery of antigen presentation is still unclear. We present data on the HLA class II-chaperone molecule CD74 in brain metastases and its impact on the HLA peptidome complexity.
We analyzed CD74 and HLA class II expression on tumor cells in a subset of 236 human brain metastases, primary tumors and peripheral metastases of different entities in association with clinical data including overall survival. Additionally, we assessed whole DNA methylome profiles including CD74 promoter methylation and differential methylation in 21 brain metastases. We analyzed the effects of a siRNA mediated CD74 knockdown on HLA-expression and HLA peptidome composition in a brain metastatic melanoma cell line.
We observed that CD74 expression on tumor cells is a strong positive prognostic marker in brain metastasis patients and positively associated with tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs). Whole DNA methylome analysis suggested that CD74 tumor cell expression might be regulated epigenetically via CD74 promoter methylation. CD74high and TILhigh tumors displayed a differential DNA methylation pattern with highest enrichment scores for antigen processing and presentation. Furthermore, CD74 knockdown in vitro lead to a reduction of HLA class II peptidome complexity, while HLA class I peptidome remained unaffected.
In summary, our results demonstrate that a functional HLA class II processing machinery in brain metastatic tumor cells, reflected by a high expression of CD74 and a complex tumor cell HLA peptidome, seems to be crucial for better patient prognosis.
The multifunctional molecule netrin-1 is upregulated in various malignancies and has recently been presented as a major general player in tumorigenesis leading to tumor progression and maintenance in various animal models. However, there is still a lack of clinico-epidemiological data related to netrin-1 expression. Therefore, the aim of our study was to elucidate the association of netrin-1 expression and patient survival in brain metastases since those constitute one of the most limiting factors for patient prognosis. We investigated 104 brain metastases cases for netrin-1 expression using in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with regard to clinical parameters such as patient survival and MRI data. Our data show that netrin-1 is strongly upregulated in most cancer subtypes. Univariate analyses revealed netrin-1 expression as a significant factor associated with poor patient survival in the total cohort of brain metastasis patients and in sub-entities such as non-small cell lung carcinomas. Interestingly, many cancer samples showed a strong nuclear netrin-1 signal which was recently linked to a truncated netrin-1 variant that enhances tumor growth. Nuclear netrin-1 expression was associated with poor patient survival in univariate as well as in multivariate analyses. Our data indicate both total and nuclear netrin-1 expression as prognostic factors in brain metastases patients in contrast to other prognostic markers in oncology such as patient age, number of brain metastases or Ki67 proliferation index. Therefore, nuclear netrin-1 expression constitutes one of the first reported molecular biomarkers for patient survival in brain metastases. Furthermore, netrin-1 may constitute a promising target for future anti-cancer treatment approaches in brain metastases.
Simple cells in primary visual cortex were famously found to respond to low-level image components such as edges. Sparse coding and independent component analysis (ICA) emerged as the standard computational models for simple cell coding because they linked their receptive fields to the statistics of visual stimuli. However, a salient feature of image statistics, occlusions of image components, is not considered by these models. Here we ask if occlusions have an effect on the predicted shapes of simple cell receptive fields. We use a comparative approach to answer this question and investigate two models for simple cells: a standard linear model and an occlusive model. For both models we simultaneously estimate optimal receptive fields, sparsity and stimulus noise. The two models are identical except for their component superposition assumption. We find the image encoding and receptive fields predicted by the models to differ significantly. While both models predict many Gabor-like fields, the occlusive model predicts a much sparser encoding and high percentages of ‘globular’ receptive fields. This relatively new center-surround type of simple cell response is observed since reverse correlation is used in experimental studies. While high percentages of ‘globular’ fields can be obtained using specific choices of sparsity and overcompleteness in linear sparse coding, no or only low proportions are reported in the vast majority of studies on linear models (including all ICA models). Likewise, for the here investigated linear model and optimal sparsity, only low proportions of ‘globular’ fields are observed. In comparison, the occlusive model robustly infers high proportions and can match the experimentally observed high proportions of ‘globular’ fields well. Our computational study, therefore, suggests that ‘globular’ fields may be evidence for an optimal encoding of visual occlusions in primary visual cortex.