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The inclusive charged particle transverse momentum distribution is measured in proton–proton collisions at s=900 GeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (|η|<0.8) over the transverse momentum range 0.15<pT<10 GeV/c. The correlation between transverse momentum and particle multiplicity is also studied. Results are presented for inelastic (INEL) and non-single-diffractive (NSD) events. The average transverse momentum for |η|<0.8 is 〈pT〉INEL=0.483±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c and 〈pT〉NSD=0.489±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c, respectively. The data exhibit a slightly larger 〈pT〉 than measurements in wider pseudorapidity intervals. The results are compared to simulations with the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET.
Background: Alzheimer's disease is a common debilitating dementia with known heritability, for which 20 late onset susceptibility loci have been identified, but more remain to be discovered. This study sought to identify new susceptibility genes, using an alternative gene-wide analytical approach which tests for patterns of association within genes, in the powerful genome-wide association dataset of the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project Consortium, comprising over 7 m genotypes from 25,580 Alzheimer's cases and 48,466 controls.
Principal findings: In addition to earlier reported genes, we detected genome-wide significant loci on chromosomes 8 (TP53INP1, p = 1.4×10−6) and 14 (IGHV1-67 p = 7.9×10−8) which indexed novel susceptibility loci.
Significance: The additional genes identified in this study, have an array of functions previously implicated in Alzheimer's disease, including aspects of energy metabolism, protein degradation and the immune system and add further weight to these pathways as potential therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disease characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. BD shows substantial clinical and genetic overlap with other psychiatric disorders, in particular schizophrenia (SCZ). The genes underlying this etiological overlap remain largely unknown. A recent SCZ genome wide association study (GWAS) by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium identified 128 independent genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The present study investigated whether these SCZ-associated SNPs also contribute to BD development through the performance of association testing in a large BD GWAS dataset (9747 patients, 14278 controls). After re-imputation and correction for sample overlap, 22 of 107 investigated SCZ SNPs showed nominal association with BD. The number of shared SCZ-BD SNPs was significantly higher than expected (p = 1.46x10-8). This provides further evidence that SCZ-associated loci contribute to the development of BD. Two SNPs remained significant after Bonferroni correction. The most strongly associated SNP was located near TRANK1, which is a reported genome-wide significant risk gene for BD. Pathway analyses for all shared SCZ-BD SNPs revealed 25 nominally enriched gene-sets, which showed partial overlap in terms of the underlying genes. The enriched gene-sets included calcium- and glutamate signaling, neuropathic pain signaling in dorsal horn neurons, and calmodulin binding. The present data provide further insights into shared risk loci and disease-associated pathways for BD and SCZ. This may suggest new research directions for the treatment and prevention of these two major psychiatric disorders.
Grundproblematik und Zielstellung: Masern- und Mumpsinfektionen sind als typische Kinderkrankheiten bekannt, die in der Regel komplikationslos verlaufen und eine lebenslange Immunität hinterlassen. Es gibt jedoch, vor allem bei der Erkrankung im Erwachsenenalter oder von kleinen Kindern und immungeschwächten Personen, auch schwerwiegendere Verläufe. Diese bringen häufiger Komplikationen (Masernpneumonie mit einer Häufigkeit von 1:1000, sowie das Enzephalitisrisiko) mit sich, können bleibende Schäden verursachen oder führen selten sogar zum Tod. Aus diesem Grund ist seit 1973 eine Impfung gegen Masern sowie seit 1976 eine Impfung gegen Mumps (in Kombination mit Röteln als MMR seit 1980) öffentlich empfohlen. Diese Ausarbeitung soll nun den Verlauf der Immunitätslage der Bevölkerung in den Jahren 2001 bis 2005 darlegen und das Vorhandensein von etwaigen Immunitätslücken bezüglich dieser Krankheiten untersuchen. Methodik: Zur Bestimmung der Immunität wurden Serumproben ausgewertet, die am Institut für Medizinische Virologie des Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt am Main vom 1. Januar 2001 bis zum 31. Dezember 2005 auf Antikörper gegen Masern (n = 3.405) und Mumps (n = 2.875) untersucht wurden. Bei der Bestimmung der Seroprävalenzen wurde nach Altersgruppe und Geschlecht differenziert. Ergebnisse: Sowohl bei Masern als auch bei Mumps sind bei tendenziell abnehmender Immunität zum Teil erhebliche Immunitätslücken zu finden. Die masernspezifischen Antikörper stiegen zunächst bis zum Jahr 2003 auf 95,7 % Seropositive an, fielen jedoch bis 2005 stetig wieder auf 75,2 % ab. Die immunitätanzeigenden Antikörper gegen Mumps erreichten in keinem der Jahre Werte über 60 %. Im Bezug auf das Geschlecht wiesen in der Regel die Frauen höhere Immunitätsraten auf als die Männer. Im Vergleich der Altersgruppen zeichneten sich bei beiden Krankheiten deutliche Immunitätslücken im Kindesalter sowie bei den Jugendlichen und im jungen Erwachsenenalter ab. Bei den Masern waren nahezu kontinuierlich über den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum Immunitätslücken bei den Altersgruppen der 1 bis 4 Jährigen und der 15 bis 19 Jährigen erkennbar, die zwischen 20 und 50 % lagen und von 2001 bis 2005 zunahmen. Die Immunität im Erwachsenenalter war grundsätzlich höher als im Kindesalter, zeigte jedoch ebenfalls über die Jahre fallende Tendenzen und nahm 2005 durchschnittliche Werte von knapp 90 % an. Ab dem 60. Lebensjahr sank der Anteil der Seropositiven jedoch wieder auf im Mittel 75 % ab. Bei Mumps lagen die Immunitätsraten im gesamten Kindesalter kaum höher als 70 %, 2005 sogar unter 50 %. Im jungen Erwachsenenalter stieg die Anzahl der Seropositiven dann zögerlich von Werten um die 60 % bei den 20 bis 29 Jährigen auf 80 bis 90 % bei den 40 bis 59 Jährigen an. Ab dem 60. Lebensjahr nahm der Anteil der Seronegativen ähnlich wie bei den Masern zu. Folgerungen: Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass weiterhin Immunitäts- und Impflücken bei Masern und Mumps bestehen und sich diese sogar bis zum Jahr 2005 in ihrer Größe ausgedehnt haben. Vielmehr als zuvor weisen nun auch höhere Altersgruppen größere Immunitätsdefizite auf. Folge hiervon sind die steigenden Erkrankungszahlen im Erwachsenenalter und die dadurch bedingte Erhöhung der Komplikationsraten im Krankheitsfall. Es gilt also, auch in Anbetracht des von der WHO gesetzten Ziels der Maserneradikation, verstärktes Augenmerk auf den Erhalt und den Ausbau der Populationsimmunität bei Masern und Mumps zu legen. Um weitere Ausbrüche dieser Krankheiten zu verhindern, muss das Impfverhalten in der Bevölkerung dringend verbessert werden. Ziel ist es hierbei, Impfraten von mindestens 95 % für die erste Applikation zu erreichen.
Background: Microdeletions are known to confer risk to epilepsy, particularly at genomic rearrangement ‘hotspot’ loci. However, microdeletion burden not overlapping these regions or within different epilepsy subtypes has not been ascertained.
Objective: To decipher the role of microdeletions outside hotspots loci and risk assessment by epilepsy subtype.
Methods: We assessed the burden, frequency and genomic content of rare, large microdeletions found in a previously published cohort of 1366 patients with genetic generalised epilepsy (GGE) in addition to two sets of additional unpublished genome-wide microdeletions found in 281 patients with rolandic epilepsy (RE) and 807 patients with adult focal epilepsy (AFE), totalling 2454 cases. Microdeletions were assessed in a combined and subtype-specific approaches against 6746 controls.
Results: When hotspots are considered, we detected an enrichment of microdeletions in the combined epilepsy analysis (adjusted p=1.06×10−6,OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.51 to 2.35). Epilepsy subtype-specific analyses showed that hotspot microdeletions in the GGE subgroup contribute most of the overall signal (adjusted p=9.79×10−12, OR 7.45, 95% CI 4.20–13.5). Outside hotspots , microdeletions were enriched in the GGE cohort for neurodevelopmental genes (adjusted p=9.13×10−3,OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.62–4.94). No additional signal was observed for RE and AFE. Still, gene-content analysis identified known (NRXN1, RBFOX1 and PCDH7) and novel (LOC102723362) candidate genes across epilepsy subtypes that were not deleted in controls.
Conclusions: Our results show a heterogeneous effect of recurrent and non-recurrent microdeletions as part of the genetic architecture of GGE and a minor contribution in the aetiology of RE and AFE.
Objective: To analyze the effect of adverse preoperative patient and tumor characteristics on perioperative outcomes of open (ORP) and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP).
Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 656 patients who underwent ORP or RARP according to intraoperative blood loss (BL), operation time (OR time), neurovascular bundle preservation (NVBP) and positive surgical margins (PSM). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for impaired perioperative outcomes.
Results: Of all included 619 patients, median age was 66 years. BMI (<25 vs. 25-30 vs. ≥30) had no influence on blood loss. Prostate size >40cc recorded increased BL compared to prostate size ≤ 40cc in patients undergoing ORP (800 vs. 1200 ml, p < 0.001), but not in patients undergoing RARP (300 vs. 300 ml, p = 0.2). Similarly, longer OR time was observed for ORP in prostates >40cc, but not for RARP. Overweight (BMI 25-30) and obese ORP patients (BMI ≥30) showed longer OR time compared to normal weight (BMI <25). Only obese patients, who underwent RARP showed longer OR time compared to normal weight. NVBP was less frequent in obese patients, who underwent ORP, relative to normal weight (25.8% vs. 14.0%, p < 0.01). BMI did not affect NVPB at RARP. No differences in PSM were recorded according to prostate volume or BMI in ORP or RARP. In multivariable analyses, patient characteristics such as prostate volume and BMI was an independent predictor for prolonged OR time. Moreover, tumor characteristics (stage and grade) predicted worse perioperative outcome.
Conclusion: Patients with larger prostates and obese patients undergoing ORP are at risk of higher BL, OR time or non-nervesparing procedure. Conversely, in patients undergoing RARP only obesity is associated with increased OR time. Patients with larger prostates or increased BMI might benefit most from RARP compared to ORP.
Objective: To investigate the value of standard [digital rectal examination (DRE), PSA] and advanced (mpMRI, prostate biopsy) clinical evaluation for prostate cancer (PCa) detection in contemporary patients with clinical bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) scheduled for Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP).
Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 397 patients, who were referred to our tertiary care laser center for HoLEP due to BOO between 11/2017 and 07/2020. Of those, 83 (20.7%) underwent further advanced clinical PCa evaluation with mpMRI and/or prostate biopsy due to elevated PSA and/or lowered PSA ratio and/or suspicious DRE. Logistic regression and binary regression tree models were applied to identify PCa in BOO patients.
Results: An mpMRI was conducted in 56 (66%) of 83 patients and revealed PIRADS 4/5 lesions in 14 (25%) patients. Subsequently, a combined systematic randomized and MRI-fusion biopsy was performed in 19 (23%) patients and revealed in PCa detection in four patients (5%). A randomized prostate biopsy was performed in 31 (37%) patients and revealed in PCa detection in three patients (4%). All seven patients (9%) with PCa detection underwent radical prostatectomy with 29% exhibiting non-organ confined disease. Incidental PCa after HoLEP (n = 76) was found in nine patients (12%) with advanced clinical PCa evaluation preoperatively. In univariable logistic regression analyses, PSA, fPSA ratio, and PSA density failed to identify patients with PCa detection. Conversely, patients with a lower International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and PIRADs 4/5 lesion in mpMRI were at higher risk for PCa detection. In multivariable adjusted analyses, PIRADS 4/5 lesions were confirmed as an independent risk factor (OR 9.91, p = 0.04), while IPSS did not reach significance (p = 0.052).
Conclusion: In advanced clinical PCa evaluation mpMRI should be considered in patients with elevated total PSA or low fPSA ratio scheduled for BOO treatment with HoLEP. Patients with low IPSS or PIRADS 4/5 lesions in mpMRI are at highest risk for PCa detection. In patients with a history of two or more sets of negative prostate biopsies, advanced clinical PCa evaluation might be omitted.
Objective: To investigate temporal trends in prostate cancer (PCa) radical prostatectomy (RP) candidates.
Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent RP for PCa between January 2014 and December 2019 were identified form our institutional database. Trend analysis and logistic regression models assessed RP trends after stratification of PCa patients according to D'Amico classification and Gleason score. Patients with neoadjuvant androgen deprivation or radiotherapy prior to RP were excluded from the analysis.
Results: Overall, 528 PCa patients that underwent RP were identified. Temporal trend analysis revealed a significant decrease in low-risk PCa patients from 17 to 9% (EAPC: −14.6%, p < 0.05) and GS6 PCa patients from 30 to 14% (EAPC: −17.6%, p < 0.01). This remained significant even after multivariable adjustment [low-risk PCa: (OR): 0.85, p < 0.05 and GS6 PCa: (OR): 0.79, p < 0.001]. Furthermore, a trend toward a higher proportion of intermediate-risk PCa undergoing RP was recorded.
Conclusion: Our results confirm that inverse stage migration represents an ongoing phenomenon in a contemporary RP cohort in a European tertiary care PCa center. Our results demonstrate a significant decrease in the proportion of low-risk and GS6 PCa undergoing RP and a trend toward a higher proportion of intermediate-risk PCa patients undergoing RP. This indicates a more precise patient selection when it comes to selecting suitable candidates for definite surgical treatment with RP.
Innerhalb der historischen Kinder- und Jugendliteraturforschung gilt Karin Richter als ausgewiesene Kennerin der ostdeutschen Kinderund Jugendliteratur von 1949 bis 1990. Noch in der ehemaligen DDR habilitierte sich Richter zur Wirkungsästhetik und Poetik in der Kinder- und Jugendliteratur (1987) an der Universität Halle/ Wittenberg, von 1993–2008 war sie Professorin für Literarische Erziehung/Kinder- und Jugendliteratur an der Erziehungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Pädagogischen Hochschule/Universität Erfurt. In den vergangenen Jahren konzentrierten sich Richters Aktivitäten nur noch vereinzelt auf die kinder- und jugendliterarischen Texte der DDR (vgl. III). Auch dieser Band präsentiert keine neue Forschung, sondern eine persönliche Aufsatzsammlung von Beiträgen, deren Erstveröffentlichungen z. T. bis in die DDR zurückreichen. ...
Purpose: To test the effect of anatomic variants of the prostatic apex overlapping the membranous urethra (Lee type classification), as well as median urethral sphincter length (USL) in preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) on the very early continence in open (ORP) and robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) patients. Methods: In 128 consecutive patients (01/2018–12/2019), USL and the prostatic apex classified according to Lee types A–D in mpMRI prior to ORP or RARP were retrospectively analyzed. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify anatomic characteristics for very early continence rates, defined as urine loss of ≤ 1 g in the PAD-test. Results: Of 128 patients with mpMRI prior to surgery, 76 (59.4%) underwent RARP vs. 52 (40.6%) ORP. In total, median USL was 15, 15 and 10 mm in the sagittal, coronal and axial dimensions. After stratification according to very early continence in the PAD-test (≤ 1 g vs. > 1 g), continent patients had significantly more frequently Lee type D (71.4 vs. 54.4%) and C (14.3 vs. 7.6%, p = 0.03). In multivariable logistic regression models, the sagittal median USL (odds ratio [OR] 1.03) and Lee type C (OR: 7.0) and D (OR: 4.9) were independent predictors for achieving very early continence in the PAD-test. Conclusion: Patients’ individual anatomical characteristics in mpMRI prior to radical prostatectomy can be used to predict very early continence. Lee type C and D suggest being the most favorable anatomical characteristics. Moreover, longer sagittal median USL in mpMRI seems to improve very early continence rates.