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Background: In clinical practice range of motion (RoM) is usually assessed with low-cost devices such as a tape measure (TM) or a digital inclinometer (DI). However, the intra- and inter-rater reliability of typical RoM tests differ, which impairs the evaluation of therapy progress. More objective and reliable kinematic data can be obtained with the inertial motion capture system (IMC) by Xsens. The aim of this study was to obtain the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the TM, DI and IMC methods in five RoM tests: modified Thomas test (DI), shoulder test modified after Janda (DI), retroflexion of the trunk modified after Janda (DI), lateral inclination (TM) and fingertip-to-floor test (TM).
Methods: Two raters executed the RoM tests (TM or DI) in a randomized order on 22 healthy individuals while, simultaneously, the IMC data (Xsens MVN) was collected. After 15 warm-up repetitions, each rater recorded five measurements.
Findings: Intra-rater reliabilities were (almost) perfect for tests in all three devices (ICCs 0.886–0.996). Inter-rater reliability was substantial to (almost) perfect in the DI (ICCs 0.71–0.87) and the IMC methods (ICCs 0.61–0.993) and (almost) perfect in the TM methods (ICCs 0.923–0.961). The measurement error (ME) for the tests measured in degree (°) was 0.9–3.3° for the DI methods and 0.5–1.2° for the IMC approaches. In the tests measured in centimeters the ME was 0.5–1.3cm for the TM methods and 0.6–2.7cm for the IMC methods. Pearson correlations between the results of the DI or the TM respectively with the IMC results were significant in all tests except for the shoulder test on the right body side (r = 0.41–0.81).
Interpretation: Measurement repetitions of either one or multiple trained raters can be considered reliable in all three devices.
Susan Howe, die seit den frühen 1970er Jahren als Dichterin präsent ist, gehört zu den führenden Vertreterinnen einer amerikanischen Gegenwartslyrik, die einen experimentellen Umgang mit Sprache in den Mittelpunkt ihrer Arbeit stellen. Hierbei zeigt sie besonderes Interesse an Geschichte und ihren sprachlichen Repräsentationsmöglichkeiten in historischen Dokumenten und literarischen Texten. In collagenartigen, oftmals zwischen Lyrik und Prosa pendelnden Texten versucht sie Sprache und Geschichte in eine größtmögliche Spannung zu bringen, da sie davon ausgeht, dass jede sprachliche Repräsentation von Geschichte unzulänglich bleiben muss. Mittels einer gezielten Strategie der Defragmentierung versucht Howe diese Spannung in ihren Texten zu inszenieren, wobei sie oftmals ‚fremde‘ Texte - seien es historische Dokumente oder Texte der Weltliteratur - als Ausgangspunkt für ihre eigenen nimmt. Sprache und Literatur werden von Howe als ein intertextuelles Zusammenspiel von Texten aufgefasst, dessen zuweilen undurchdringlich scheinende Komplexität präzise ihrem Geschichtsbild korrespondiert. Sie versteht Geschichte keineswegs als linearen Prozess, sondern als eine komplexe Bewegung, deren vermeintliche Linearität lediglich über die sprachliche Darstellung suggeriert wird.
Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.
Rezension zu Miriam Havemann: The Subject Rising Against its Author. A Poetics of Rebellion in Bryan Stanley Johnson's Oeuvre. Hildesheim/Zürich/New York (Georg Olms Verlag) 2011 (= ECHO - Literaturwissenschaft im interdisziplinären Dialog, Bd. 13). 427 S.
Mit der Publikation ihrer in der Bochumer Komparatistik eingereichten Dissertation widmet sich Miriam Havemann einem bis vor wenigen Jahren fast in Vergessenheit geratenen britischen Schriftsteller der 1960er und 1970er Jahre, dessen Arbeiten erst mit dem Erscheinen von Jonathan Coes Biographie 'Like a Fiery Elephant: The Story of B.S. Johnson' (2004) und der Wiederauflage vieler seiner Romane neue Beachtung fanden.
Tagungsbericht zu 'Lexikographik als künstlerisch-literarische Schreibweise', Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 27. bis 29. Mai 2010.
Die Form des Lexikons ist nicht nur unter dem Blickwinkel der Wissensproduktion und -vermittlung von Interesse, sondern stellt sich auch als ein Phänomen an der Schnittstelle zwischen Literatur und bildender Kunst dar. Entsprechend vielfältig gestalten sich die Erscheinungsformen der Lexikographik, sei es als reines Ordnungssystem oder als künstlerisch-literarisches Projekt. Diese Vielfalt spiegelte sich auch in der von Monika Schmitz-Emans, Kai Fischer und Christoph Schulz vom Bochumer Lehrstuhl für Komparatistik im Rahmen des DFG-Projekts 'Literarische Darstellungsexperimente' organisierten Tagung wider, die die Lexikographik nicht nur literaturwissenschaftlich in den Blick nahm, sondern auch im Rahmen einer Ausstellung von Arbeiten des Künstlers Paul Mersmann den bildkünstlerischen Aspekt des Themas betonte.
The nucleosynthesis of elements beyond iron is dominated by neutron captures in the s and r processes. However, 32 stable, proton-rich isotopes cannot be formed during those processes, because they are shielded from the s-process flow and r-process β-decay chains. These nuclei are attributed to the p and rp process.
For all those processes, current research in nuclear astrophysics addresses the need for more precise reaction data involving radioactive isotopes. Depending on the particular reaction, direct or inverse kinematics, forward or time-reversed direction are investigated to determine or at least to constrain the desired reaction cross sections.
The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will offer unique, unprecedented opportunities to investigate many of the important reactions. The high yield of radioactive isotopes, even far away from the valley of stability, allows the investigation of isotopes involved in processes as exotic as the r or rp processes.
The discipline of adaptation studies has come a long way from its academic inception in novel-to-film studies. Since George Bluestone's seminal 1957 study Novels into Film, often regarded as the starting point of modern day Anglo-American adaptation studies, the discipline has seen a continual widening of its methodology as well as of the material scholars are willing to regard as adaptations. Particularly since the turn of the 21st century and the increasing institutionalization of the discipline as distinct from literary or film studies, adaptation scholars have widened the scope to include a broad range of media, encompassing not only the traditional adaptations from novels and drama into film, but also novelizations of various other media, video game and comic adaptations, TV series, opera, theme parks and tie in vacations, and many more. Others have included the study of media franchises as dependent on adaptation. As part of this redefinition of the discipline, scholars have also widened their discussion to bring to the centre aspects that were not originally the main focus of adaptation researchers' comparative textual analyses, including industrial structures, legal frameworks, and, most frequently and emphatically, questions of intertextuality and the cultural and ideological embeddedness of adapted texts.
Mediale und vor allem fiktionale Inszenierungen von Katastrophen in den Bildmedien referieren jedoch nicht nur auf eine 'Wirklichkeit', sondern prägen auch umgekehrt die Realitätswahrnehmung. Die Terroranschläge vom 11. September 2001, so zeigt Mark Schmitts Beitrag 'The Blowback of Reality', erschütterte die Wahrnehmungsgewohnheiten der Zeugen und Zuschauer dieses Ereignisses so fundamental, dass das Verhältnis von ›Fiktivem‹ und ›Realen‹ infrage steht. Schmitts Analyse stellt die sich direkt auf 9/11 beziehenden Filme, die geradezu einem Darstellungstabu unterliegen, dem Monsterfilm 'Cloverfield' gegenüber und geht dabei der Frage nach, inwiefern die 'derealisierende Übertragung' der Gefahr ins Fantastische die Konventionen der 'richtigen' Darstellung unterlaufen.
Whereas interspecific associations receive considerable attention in evolutionary, behavioural and ecological literature, the proximate bases for these associations are usually unknown. This in particular applies to associations between vertebrates with invertebrates. The West-African savanna frog Phrynomantis microps lives in the underground nest of ponerine ants (Paltothyreus tarsatus). The ants usually react highly aggressively when disturbed by fiercely stinging, but the frog is not attacked and lives unharmed among the ants. Herein we examined the proximate mechanisms for this unusual association. Experiments with termites and mealworms covered with the skin secretion of the frog revealed that specific chemical compounds seem to prevent the ants from stinging. By HPLC-fractionation of an aqueous solution of the frogs' skin secretion, two peptides of 1,029 and 1,143 Da were isolated and found to inhibit the aggressive behaviour of the ants. By de novo sequencing using tandem mass spectrometry, the amino acid sequence of both peptides consisting of a chain of 9 and 11 residues, respectively, was elucidated. Both peptides were synthesized and tested, and exhibited the same inhibitory properties as the original frog secretions. These novel peptides most likely act as an appeasement allomone and may serve as models for taming insect aggression.
