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Due to an increasing awareness of the potential hazardousness of air pollutants, new laws, rules and guidelines have recently been implemented globally. In this respect, numerous studies have addressed traffic-related exposure to particulate matter using stationary technology so far. By contrast, only few studies used the advanced technology of mobile exposure analysis. The Mobile Air Quality Study (MAQS) addresses the issue of air pollutant exposure by combining advanced high-granularity spatial-temporal analysis with vehicle-mounted, person-mounted and roadside sensors. The MAQS-platform will be used by international collaborators in order 1) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to road structure, 2) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to traffic density, 3) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to weather conditions, 4) to compare exposure within vehicles between front and back seat (children) positions, and 5) to evaluate "traffic zone"- exposure in relation to non-"traffic zone"-exposure. Primarily, the MAQS-platform will focus on particulate matter. With the establishment of advanced mobile analysis tools, it is planed to extend the analysis to other pollutants including including NO2, SO2, nanoparticles, and ozone.
Marcel Proust musste bekanntlich einiges dafür tun, um die Aufregung zu lindern, die im Freundes- und Bekanntenkreis aufgekommen ist, wenn es um die Durchschaubarkeit biografischer Vorbilder für die eine oder andere seiner Figuren ging. Die Tatsache, dass der Autor die eigene Homosexualität von der Erzählerfigur auf andere Protagonisten gleichsam umgelenkt hat, spielt dabei eine zwar wichtige, aber nicht die entscheidende Rolle. Statt biografischem Voyeurismus kommt es darauf an, die Bewegungen, die zwischen Fiktion und Realität in beiden Richtungen verlaufen, genau zu erfassen.
Gerade die Unauffälligkeit, mit der es ihm gelingt, Gegebenheiten der Zeitgeschichte im Kontext der aristokratischen Zusammenkünfte als Teil der erfundenen Welt erscheinen zu lassen, gehört zu den fesselndsten Zügen des Romans 'In Swanns Welt‘. Eine in diesem Zusammenhang jedenfalls sehr bemerkenswerte Figur ist diejenige der Königin von Neapel. Sie gehört im fünften Teil des Romans "La Prisonnière" (erschienen 1923) zu denjenigen Gästen, die Baron Charlus in die Gesellschaft eingeladen hat, die die Verdurins veranstalten.
Hofmannsthals Fragmente sollen hier nicht nach Grenzen und Gründen ihres Status abgesteckt werden. Die Beleuchtung einer "Ästhetik des Fragmentarischen" wirft ihr Licht wohl weniger auf die sogenannten Fragmente Hofmannsthals als auf den Teil seines oeuvres, den man als das vermeintliche Werk von den Fragmenten abzusetzen pflegt. Damit hängt zusammen, daß von einer Ästhetik des Fragmentarischen wohl nur in Verbindung mit einer Ethik des Fragmentarischen im Werk Hofmannsthals die Rede sein kann. Es geht daher auch um die Ortung einer fragmentarischen Identität bei Hofmannsthal. Die Gründe für eine solche, vielleicht paradox anmutende Umschreibung vom Ästhetischen zur Ethik, vom Fragment zum Werk scheinen gerade aufgrund auch editorischer Erfahrungen im Umgang mit Hofmannsthal gerechtfertigt: Es ist zunächst die zwar angesichts der großen Torsi wie "Andreas", "Silvia im 'Stern'", "Timon" oder "Kaiser Phokas" verständliche Frage nach den Gründen für den Abbruch der Arbeit, aber dann gerade ihre immer nur unbefriedigend - kann man sagen: unvollständig? - ausfallende Antwort, die zu einer resignativen Einstellung führt. Im Fall des "Andreas"-Romans, um hier das wertvollste aller Fragmente stellvertretend anzuführen, sind schon von den ersten Lesern die unterschiedlichsten Versuche unternommen worden, den Abbruch, die Brüchigkeit durch eine eindeutige Antwort zu glätten und damit den Fragmentcharakter zu nivellieren.
Es sprechen viele Argumente dafür, biografische wie werkspezifische, aber auch rezeptionsgeschichtliche Aspekte, Hofmannsthal im Zusammenhang einer Problematik des Scheiterns zu berücksichtigen. Zum einen hat sich bereits zu seinen Lebzeiten die Frage gestellt, ob sich der Autor nicht nach seinem so vielfach euphorisch wahrgenommenen Frühwerk selbst überlebt habe. Zum anderen finden sich auch bei Hofmannsthal, was kein Kennzeichen nur dieses Autors ist, in den Texten aller Schaffensphasen Figuren, die durch ihr Scheitern Aufmerksamkeit und Sympathie gewinnen. Und zuletzt stellt die Rezeptionsgeschichte seines Werkes die Frage nach der Konkurrenz, nämlich inwiefern Hofmannsthal als ein maßgeblicher Autor der klassischen Moderne seine Reputation hat verteidigen können? Ist er im Anspruch gescheitert, als einer der maßgeblichen Autoren seiner Zeit im Gedächtnis zu bleiben? Insofern wäre Hofmannsthal als ein vielleicht auch unfreiwilliger Experte und als ein raffinierter Regisseur des Scheiterns zu beschreiben, der eine Grunderfahrung des 20. Jahrhunderts teilt.
Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5<|η|<4.0) and associated particles in the central range (|η|<1.0) are measured with the ALICE detector in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The trigger particles are reconstructed using the muon spectrometer, and the associated particles by the central barrel tracking detectors. In high-multiplicity events, the double-ridge structure, previously discovered in two-particle angular correlations at midrapidity, is found to persist to the pseudorapidity ranges studied in this Letter. The second-order Fourier coefficients for muons in high-multiplicity events are extracted after jet-like correlations from low-multiplicity events have been subtracted. The coefficients are found to have a similar transverse momentum (pT) dependence in p-going (p-Pb) and Pb-going (Pb-p) configurations, with the Pb-going coefficients larger by about 16±6%, rather independent of pT within the uncertainties of the measurement. The data are compared with calculations using the AMPT model, which predicts a different pT and η dependence than observed in the data. The results are sensitive to the parent particle v2 and composition of reconstructed muon tracks, where the contribution from heavy flavour decays are expected to dominate at pT>2 GeV/c.
We have has performed the first measurement of the coherent ψ(2S) photo-production cross section in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC. This charmonium excited state is reconstructed via the ψ(2S) →l+l− and ψ(2S) → J/ψπ+π− decays, where the J/ψ decays into two leptons. The analysis is based on an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 22 μb−1. The cross section for coherent ψ(2S) production in the rapidity interval −0.9<y<0.9 is dσcohψ(2S)/dy=0.83±0.19(stat+syst) mb. The ψ(2S) to J/ψ coherent cross section ratio is 0.34+0.08−0.07(stat+syst). The obtained results are compared to predictions from theoretical models.
The production of J/ψ and ψ(2S) was measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC. The measurement was performed at forward rapidity (2.5<y<4) down to zero transverse momentum (pT) in the dimuon decay channel. Inclusive J/ψ yields were extracted in different centrality classes and the centrality dependence of the average pT is presented. The J/ψ suppression, quantified with the nuclear modification factor (RAA), was studied as a function of centrality, transverse momentum and rapidity. Comparisons with similar measurements at lower collision energy and theoretical models indicate that the J/ψ production is the result of an interplay between color screening and recombination mechanisms in a deconfined partonic medium, or at its hadronization. Results on the ψ(2S) suppression are provided via the ratio of ψ(2S) over J/ψ measured in pp and Pb-Pb collisions.
We present a measurement of inclusive J/ψ production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV as a function of the centrality of the collision, as estimated from the energy deposited in the Zero Degree Calorimeters. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector down to zero transverse momentum, pT, in the backward (−4.46<ycms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<ycms<3.53) rapidity intervals in the dimuon decay channel and in the mid-rapidity region (−1.37<ycms<0.43) in the dielectron decay channel. The backward and forward rapidity intervals correspond to the Pb-going and p-going direction, respectively. The pT-differential J/ψ production cross section at backward and forward rapidity is measured for several centrality classes, together with the corresponding average pT and p2T values. The nuclear modification factor, QpPb, is presented as a function of centrality for the three rapidity intervals, and, additionally, at backward and forward rapidity, as a function of pT for several centrality classes. At mid- and forward rapidity, the J/ψ yield is suppressed up to 40% compared to that in pp interactions scaled by the number of binary collisions. The degree of suppression increases towards central p-Pb collisions at forward rapidity, and with decreasing pT of the J/ψ. At backward rapidity, the QpPb is compatible with unity within the total uncertainties, with an increasing trend from peripheral to central p-Pb collisions.
Temperate forests are increasingly subject to natural disturbance by stand replacing windthrows or bark-beetle attacks. Forests are commonly salvage logged after disturbance, whereby substantial parts of biological legacies, such as surviving trees and deadwood, are removed. Despite increasing concerns about the ecological consequences of salvage logging operations, our knowledge on the effects on the soil microbiome and associated functioning remains limited.
Here, we studied soil fungal communities, decomposition processes, and soil organic matter dynamics in 21 intact or disturbed, temperate Norway spruce stands about one decade after they were damaged by windthrow or bark-beetle attacks. Disturbed stands comprised different post-disturbance management, i.e. deadwood retention and salvage logged plots. We used high-throughput sequencing and ergosterol measurements to explore fungal communities and biomass, and enzyme assays to study decomposition processes.
Disturbance shifted soil fungal communities from ectomycorrhizal to saprotrophic dominated assemblages. Fungal biomass declined with decreasing tree abundance after disturbance. Activities of organic matter degrading enzymes declined by ca. 30–80% after disturbance. The relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi was positively related to enzymatic activities. Tree biomass parameters and amounts of deadwood retained were positively related to fungal biomass, certain ectomycorrhizal taxa, and relative ectomycorrhizal fungal abundance among disturbed stands, which, in turn, was associated with higher enzymatic activities.
Our findings demonstrate a significant response of soil fungal communities to natural forest disturbance and salvage logging, with consequences for decomposition and soil organic matter dynamics. We conclude that the retention of surviving trees and deadwood as biological legacies attenuated associated changes to a significant extent, highlighting their importance for the preservation of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the maintenance of decomposition processes after disturbance.