Open Access

In the very heavy collision system 197Au+197Au the K+ production process was studied as a function of impact parameter at 1 GeV/nucleon, a beam energy well below the free N-N threshold. The K+ multiplicity increases more than linearly with the number of participant nucleons and the K+/ pi + ratio rises significantly when going from peripheral to central collisions. The measured K+ double differential cross section is enhanced by a factor of 6 compared to microscopic transport calculations if secondary processes (Delta N-->K Lambda N and Delta Delta -->K Lambda N) are ignored.

Background & Aims: NAFLD is a growing health concern. The aim of the Fatty Liver Assessment in Germany (FLAG) study was to assess disease burden and provide data on the standard of care from secondary care. Methods: The FLAG study is an observational real-world study in patients with NAFLD enrolled at 13 centres across Germany. Severity of disease was assessed by non-invasive surrogate scores and data recorded at baseline and 12 months. Results: In this study, 507 patients (mean age 53 years; 47% women) were enrolled. According to fibrosis-4 index, 64%, 26%, and 10% of the patients had no significant fibrosis, indeterminate stage, and advanced fibrosis, respectively. Patients with advanced fibrosis were older, had higher waist circumferences, and higher aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase as well as ferritin levels. The prevalence of obesity, arterial hypertension, and type 2 diabetes increased with fibrosis stages. Standard of care included physical exercise >2 times per week in 17% (no significant fibrosis), 19% (indeterminate), and 6% (advanced fibrosis) of patients. Medication with either vitamin E, silymarin, or ursodeoxycholic acid was reported in 5%. Approximately 25% of the patients received nutritional counselling. According to the FibroScan-AST score, 17% of patients presented with progressive non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (n = 107). On follow-up at year 1 (n = 117), weight loss occurred in 47% of patients, of whom 17% lost more than 5% of body weight. In the weight loss group, alanine aminotransferase activities were reduced by 20%. Conclusions: This is the first report on NAFLD from a secondary-care real-world cohort in Germany. Every 10th patient presented with advanced fibrosis at baseline. Management consisted of best supportive care and lifestyle recommendations. The data highlight the urgent need for systematic health agenda in NAFLD patients. Lay summary: FLAG is a real-world cohort study that examined the liver disease burden in secondary and tertiary care. Herein, 10% of patients referred to secondary care for NAFLD exhibited advanced liver disease, whilst 64% had no significant liver scarring. These findings underline the urgent need to define patient referral pathways for suspected liver disease.

Fragestellung: In zahlreichen Studien wurden die Regulationsmechanismen der endothelialen NO-Synthase aufgedeckt und untersucht. Neben vielen Faktoren, die bei der Aktivierung eine Rolle spielen, kommt der Phosphorylierung einzelner Aminosäuren des Proteins eine besondere Bedeutung zu. In dieser Arbeit werden die Aminosäure Threonin 495 und Serin 1177 untersucht mit der speziellen Fragestellung nach einer synergistischen Wirkung. Zielsetzung: Unter der Annahme, dass sowohl die Dephosphorylierung an Thr 495 als auch die Phosphorylierung an Ser 1177 zur Aktivierung der eNOS beitragen, wurde eine eNOS-Mutante untersucht, die an Thr 495 antiphosphomimetisch und an Ser 1177 phosphomimetisch substituiert wurde. Diese wurde in Bezug auf die Relaxationsfähigkeit mit dem Wildtyp der eNOS und einer eNOS verglichen, die ausschliesslich an Ser 1177 phosphomimetisch substituiert wurde. Material und Methoden: Für die Experimente wurden Knock-out-Mäuse verwendet deren Endothelzellen keine NO-Synthase exprimiert. Mit Hilfe eines Adenovirus als Vektor wurden die Endothelzellen der Arteria Carotis mit den entsprechenden eNOS Mutanten transfiziert. Im Organbad konnte das intakte Gefäß unter physiologischen Bedingungen auf die Reaktion nach Gabe von vasoaktiven Substanzen untersucht werden. Ergebnisse : Mit Hilfe der entwickelten Methode ist es möglich, die Relaxationsfähigkeit von Gefäßen aus eNOS-Knock-out-Mäusen wieder vollständig herzustellen. Im Relaxationsverhalten nach Stimulation mit Acetylcholin zeigten Gefäße, die jeweils mit einer der drei eNOS-Mutanten transfiziert waren, keinen großen Unterschied. Zur Vorspannung der Gefäße wurde jedoch deutlich mehr Phenylephrin benötigt bei den Gefäße, die mit der T495A/S1177D eNOS transfiziert waren. Nach Hemmung mit L-NAME kontrahierten diese Gefäße am stärksten und sie zeigten auch die höchste intazelluläre Konzentration basalen cGMPs im RIA. Schlussfolgerung : Die alleinige Phosphorylierung von Serin 1177 führt nicht zu einer vollständigen Aktivierung der eNOS, während eine Phosphorylierung an Serin 1177 in Kombination mit einer Dephosphorylierung von Threonin 495 die NO Produktion steigert und diese Endothelzellen basal hohe Konzentrationen an NO enthalten.

Background: Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods: Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results: This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion: A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed.

Background: Germinal center-derived B cell lymphomas are tumors of the lymphoid tissues representing one of the most heterogeneous malignancies. Here we characterize the variety of transcriptomic phenotypes of this disease based on 873 biopsy specimens collected in the German Cancer Aid MMML (Molecular Mechanisms in Malignant Lymphoma) consortium. They include diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), Burkitt’s lymphoma, mixed FL/DLBCL lymphomas, primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, IRF4-rearranged large cell lymphoma, MYC-negative Burkitt-like lymphoma with chr. 11q aberration and mantle cell lymphoma. Methods: We apply self-organizing map (SOM) machine learning to microarray-derived expression data to generate a holistic view on the transcriptome landscape of lymphomas, to describe the multidimensional nature of gene regulation and to pursue a modular view on co-expression. Expression data were complemented by pathological, genetic and clinical characteristics. Results: We present a transcriptome map of B cell lymphomas that allows visual comparison between the SOM portraits of different lymphoma strata and individual cases. It decomposes into one dozen modules of co-expressed genes related to different functional categories, to genetic defects and to the pathogenesis of lymphomas. On a molecular level, this disease rather forms a continuum of expression states than clearly separated phenotypes. We introduced the concept of combinatorial pattern types (PATs) that stratifies the lymphomas into nine PAT groups and, on a coarser level, into five prominent cancer hallmark types with proliferation, inflammation and stroma signatures. Inflammation signatures in combination with healthy B cell and tonsil characteristics associate with better overall survival rates, while proliferation in combination with inflammation and plasma cell characteristics worsens it. A phenotypic similarity tree is presented that reveals possible progression paths along the transcriptional dimensions. Our analysis provided a novel look on the transition range between FL and DLBCL, on DLBCL with poor prognosis showing expression patterns resembling that of Burkitt’s lymphoma and particularly on "double-hit" MYC and BCL2 transformed lymphomas. Conclusions: The transcriptome map provides a tool that aggregates, refines and visualizes the data collected in the MMML study and interprets them in the light of previous knowledge to provide orientation and support in current and future studies on lymphomas and on other cancer entities.