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Ackermann, K. H. ; Adams, N. ; Adler, Clemens ; Ahammed, Zubayer ; Ahmad, Shakeel ; Allgower, Chris ; Amsbaugh, J. ; Anderson, Mike ; Anderssen, E. ; Arnesen, H. ; Arnold, L. ; Averichev, Georgy S. ; Baldwin, A. ; Balewski, Jan ; Barannikova, Olga ; Barnby, Lee Stuart ; Baudot, Jérome ; Beddo, Michael E. ; Bekele, Selemon ; Belaga, Victoria Vladimirovna ; Bellwied, Rene ; Bennett, Samuel ; Bercovitz, J. ; Berger, Jens ; Betts, W. ; Bichsel, Hans ; Bieser, Fred ; Bland, Leslie C. ; Bloomer, Matthew A. ; Blyth, Charles O. ; Boehm, J. ; Bonner, Billy E. ; Bonnet, D. ; Bossingham, R. ; Botlo, M. ; Boucham, Abdelkrim ; Bouillo, N. ; Bouvier, S. ; Bradley, K. ; Brady, Franklin Paul ; Braithwaite, E. S. ; Braithwaite, Wilfred J. ; Brandin, Andrei V. ; Brown, R. L. ; Brugalette, G. ; Byrd, C. ; Caines, Helen Louise ; Calderón de la Barca Sánchez, Manuel ; Cardenas, Andrés ; Carr, Lincoln D. ; Carroll, J. ; Castillo Castellanos, Javier Ernesto ; Caylor, B. ; Cebra, Daniel A. ; Chatopadhyay, S. ; Chen, M. L. ; Chen, W. ; Chen, Y. ; Chernenko, Sergey P. ; Cherney, Michael Gerard ; Chikanian, Alexei ; Choi, B. ; Chrin, J. ; Christie, William ; Coffin, Jean Pierre ; Conin, Laurent ; Consiglio, C. ; Cormier, Thomas Michael ; Cramer, John G. ; Crawford, Henry J. ; Danilov, V. I. ; Dayton, D. ; DeMello, M. ; Deng, W. S. ; Derevschikov, Anatoly A. ; Dialinas, M. ; Diaz, H. ; DeYoung, P. A. ; Didenko, Lidia ; Dimassimo, D. ; Dioguardi, J. ; Dominik, W. ; Drancourt, C. ; Draper, James E. ; Dunin, V. B. ; Dunlop, James C. ; Eckardt, Volker ; Edwards, W. R. ; Efimov, Leonid G. ; Eggert, Tobias ; Emelianov, V. ; Engelage, Jon M. ; Eppley, Geary Wareham ; Erazmus, Barbara Ewa ; Etkin, A. ; Fachini, Patricia ; Feliciano, C. ; Ferenc, Daniel ; Ferguson, M. I. ; Fessler, H. ; Finch, Evan ; Fine, Valeri ; Fisyak, Yuri V. ; Flierl, Dominik Bernhard ; Flores, I. ; Foley, K. J. ; Fritz, D. ; Gagunashvili, N. ; Gans, J. ; Gaździcki, Marek ; Germain, Marie ; Geurts, Frank ; Ghazikhanian, Vahe ; Gojak, C. ; Grabski, J. ; Grachov, Oleg A. ; Grau, M. ; Greiner, D. ; Greiner, Leo Clifford ; Grigoriev, Vladislav A. ; Grosnick, David P. ; Gross, J. ; Guilloux, G. ; Gushin, E. ; Hall, J. ; Hallman, Timothy J. ; Hardtke, David H. ; Harper, G. ; Harris, John W. ; He, P. ; Heffner, Michael D. ; Heppelmann, Steven Francis ; Herston, T. ; Hill, D. ; Hippolyte, Boris ; Hirsch, Andrew S. ; Hjort, Eric ; Hoffmann, Gerald W. ; Horsley, M. ; Howe, Mark A. ; Huang, Huan Zhong ; Humanic, Thomas J. ; Hümmler, Holm Gero ; Hunt, W. ; Hunter, J. ; Igo, George J. ; Ishihara, A. ; Ivanshin, Yu. I. ; Jacobs, Peter Martin ; Jacobs, William W. ; Jacobson, S. ; Jared, R. ; Jensen, P. ; Johnson, I. ; Jones, Peter Graham ; Judd, Eleanor G. ; Kaneta, Kaneta ; Kaplan, Morton ; Keane, Declan ; Kenney, V. P. ; Khodinov, A. ; Klay, Jennifer Lynn ; Klein, Spencer Robert ; Klyachko, A. ; Koehler, G. ; Konstantinov, A. S. ; Kormilitsyne, V. ; Kotchenda, L. ; Kotov, I. ; Kovalenko, A. D. ; Kramer, M. ; Kravtsov, Peter ; Krueger, Keith William ; Krupien, T. ; Kuczewski, P. ; Kuhn, Christian Claude ; Kunde, Gerd J. ; Kunz, Christopher Lee ; Kutuev, R. Kh. ; Kuznetsov, A. A. ; Lakehal-Ayat, L. ; Lamas-Valverde, Jose ; Lamont, Matthew A. C. ; Landgraf, Jeffery M. ; Lange, S. ; Lansdell, Curtis Patrick Leon ; Lasiuk, Brian ; Laue, Frank ; Lebedev, Alexei ; LeCompte, T. ; Leonhardt, W. J. ; Leontiev, V. M. ; Leszczynski, P. ; LeVine, Micheal J. ; Li, Q. ; Li, Q. ; Li, Z. ; Liaw, C.-J. ; Lin, J. ; Lindenbaum, Sam J. ; Lindenstruth, Volker ; Lindstrom, P. J. ; Lisa, Michael A. ; Liu, H. ; Ljubicic, Tonko A. ; Llope, William Joseph ; LoCurto, G. ; Long, H. ; Longacre, Ronald S. ; Lopez-Noriega, M. ; Lopiano, D. ; Love, William A. ; Lutz, J. R. ; Lynn, David ; Madansky, L. ; Maier, R. ; Majka, Richard Daniel ; Maliszewski, A. ; Margetis, Spyridon ; Marks, K. ; Marstaller, R. ; Martin, L. ; Marx, Jay N. ; Matis, Howard S. ; Matulenko, Yuri A. ; Matyushevski, E. A. ; McParland, C. ; McShane, Tom S. ; Meier, J. ; Melnick, Yu. ; Meščanin, Aleksei P. ; Middlekamp, P. ; Mikhalin, N. ; Miller, B. ; Milosevich, Z. ; Minaev, Nikolai G. ; Minor, B. ; Mitchell, J. ; Mogavero, E. ; Moiseenko, V. A. ; Moltz, D. ; Moore, C. F. ; Morozov, V. ; Morse, Richard J. ; de Moura, M. M. ; Munhoz, Marcelo Gameiro ; Mutchler, G. S. ; Nelson, John M. ; Nevski, P. ; Ngo, T. ; Nguyen, M. ; Nguyen, T. ; Nikitin, Vladimir A. ; Nogach, Larisa V. ; Noggle, T. ; Norman, B. ; Nurušev, Sandibek B. ; Nussbaum, Ted ; Nystrand, Joakim Ingemar ; Odyniec, Grazyna Janina ; Ogawa, Akio ; Ogilvie, C. A. ; Olchanski, K. ; Oldenburg, Markus D. ; Olson, Douglas L. ; Ososkov, Gennadij A. ; Ott, G. ; Padrazo, D. ; Paic, Guy ; Pandey, S. U. ; Panebratsev, Yuri ; Panitkin, Sergei Yurievich ; Pavlinov, A. I. ; Pawlak, Tomasz Jan ; Pentia, M. ; Perevotchikov, V. ; Peryt, Wiktor Stanislaw ; Petrov, V. A ; Pinganaud, W. ; Pirogov, S. ; Platner, E. ; Pluta, Jan Marian ; Polk, I. ; Porile, Norbert T. ; Porter, Jeffrey Brent ; Poskanzer, Arthur M. ; Potrebenikova, E. ; Prindle, Duncan J. ; Pruneau, Claude A. ; Puskar-Pasewicz, J. ; Rai, Gulshan ; Rasson, J. ; Ravel, Olivier ; Ray, Robert L. ; Razin, Sergej V. ; Reichhold, Dennis Michael ; Reid, Jeffrey G. ; Renfordt, Rainer Arno Ernst ; Retiere, Fabrice ; Ridiger, Alexey ; Riso, J. ; Ritter, Hans Georg ; Roberts, Jabus B. ; Röhrich, Dieter ; Rogachevski, O. V. ; Romero, Juan L. ; Roy, Christelle Sophie ; Russ, D. ; Rykov, Vladimir L. ; Sakrejda, Iwona ; Sanchez, R. ; Sandler, Z. ; Sandweiss, Jack H. ; Sappenfield, P. ; Saulys, A. C. ; Savin, Igor A. ; Schambach, Joachim ; Scharenberg, Rolf Paul ; Scheblien, J. ; Scheetz, R. ; Schlueter, R. ; Schmitz, Norbert ; Schroeder, Lee S. ; Schulz, M. ; Schüttauf, Andreas ; Sedlmeir, J. ; Seger, Janet Elizabeth ; Seliverstov, D. ; Seyboth, J. ; Seyboth, Peter ; Seymour, R. ; Shakaliev, E. I. ; Shestermanov, Konstantin E. ; Shi, Y. ; Shimanskii, S. S. ; Shuman, Derek ; Shvetcov, V. S. ; Skoro, Goran P. ; Smirnov, Nikolai ; Smykov, L. P. ; Snellings, Raimond ; Solberg, K. ; Sowinski, James ; Spinka, Harold. M. ; Srivastava, Brijesh Kumar ; Stephenson, Edward J. ; Stock, Reinhard ; Stolpovsky, Alexander ; Stone, N. ; Stone, R. ; Strichanov, Michail Nikolaevič ; Stringfellow, Blair ; Ströbele, Herbert ; Struck, Christof ; Suaide, Alexandre Alarcon do Passo ; Sugarbaker, Evan R. ; Suire, Christophe Pierre ; Symons, Timothy James MacNeil ; Takahashi, Jun ; Tang, Aihong ; Tarchini, A. ; Tarzian, J. ; Thomas, James H. ; Tikhomirov, V. ; Toledo, Alejandro Szanto de ; Tonse, Shaheen ; Trainor, Thomas A. ; Trentalange, Stephen ; Tokarev, Mikhail V. ; Tonjes, Marguerite Belt ; Trofimov, V. ; Tsai, Oleg D. ; Turner, K. ; Ullrich, Thomas ; Underwood, David G. ; Vakula, I. ; Van Buren, Gene ; VanderMolen, A. M. ; Vanyashin, A. ; Vasilevski, I. M. ; Vasiliev, Alexander Nikolaevich ; Vigdor, Steven E. ; Visser, G. ; Voloshin, Sergei ; Vu, C. ; Wang, F. ; Ward, H. ; Weerasundara, Dhammika D. ; Weidenbach, R. ; Wells, R. ; Wells, R. ; Wenaus, T. ; Westfall, Gary D. ; Whitfield, J. P. ; Whitten, Charles A. ; Wieman, Howard ; Willson, Robert ; Wilson, K. ; Wirth, Joana ; Wisdom, J. ; Wissink, Scott W. ; Witt, Richard ; Wolf, J. ; Wood, Lindsay ; Xu, N. ; Xu, Z. ; Yakutin, A. E. ; Yamamoto, E. ; Yang, J. ; Yepes, Pablo P. ; Yokosawa, A. ; Yurevich, Vladimir Yurevich ; Zanevski, Y. V. ; Zhang, J. ; Zhang, W. M. ; Zhu, Jianhui ; Zimmerman, D. ; Zoulkarneev, R. ; Zubarev, A. N.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR Time Projection Chamber at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The elliptic flow signal, v2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
Ackermann, K. H. ; Adams, N. ; Adler, Clemens ; Ahammed, Zubayer ; Ahmad, Shakeel ; Allgower, Chris ; Amsbaugh, J. ; Anderson, Mike ; Anderssen, E. ; Arnesen, H. ; Arnold, L. ; Averichev, Georgy S. ; Baldwin, A. ; Balewski, Jan ; Barannikova, Olga ; Barnby, Lee Stuart ; Baudot, Jérome ; Beddo, M. ; Bekele, Selemon ; Belaga, Victoria Vladimirovna ; Bellwied, Rene ; Bennett, Samuel ; Bercovitz, J. ; Berger, Jens ; Betts, W. ; Bichsel, Hans ; Bieser, F. ; Bland, Leslie C. ; Bloomer, Matthew A. ; Blyth, Charles O. ; Boehm, J. ; Bonner, Billy E. ; Bonnet, D. ; Bossingham, R. ; Botlo, M. ; Boucham, Abdelkrim ; Bouillo, N. ; Bouvier, S. ; Bradley, K. ; Brady, Franklin Paul ; Braithwaite, E. S. ; Braithwaite, Wilfred J. ; Brandin, Andrei V. ; Brown, R. L. ; Brugalette, G. ; Byrd, C. ; Caines, Helen Louise ; Calderón de la Barca Sánchez, Manuel ; Cardenas, Andrés ; Carr, Lincoln D. ; Carroll, J. ; Castillo Castellanos, Javier Ernesto ; Caylor, B. ; Cebra, Daniel A. ; Chatopadhyay, S. ; Chen, M. L. ; Chen, W. ; Chen, Y. ; Chernenko, Sergey P. ; Cherney, Michael Gerard ; Chikanian, Alexei ; Choi, B. ; Chrin, J. ; Christie, William ; Coffin, Jean Pierre ; Conin, L. ; Consiglio, C. ; Cormier, Thomas Michael ; Cramer, John G. ; Crawford, Henry J. ; Danilov, V. I. ; Dayton, D. ; DeMello, M. ; Deng, W. S. ; Derevschikov, Anatoly A. ; Dialinas, M. ; Diaz, H. ; DeYoung, P. A. ; Didenko, Lidia ; Dimassimo, D. ; Dioguardi, J. ; Dominik, W. ; Drancourt, C. ; Draper, James E. ; Dunin, V. B. ; Dunlop, James C. ; Eckardt, Volker ; Edwards, W. R. ; Efimov, Leonid G. ; Eggert, T. ; Emelianov, V. ; Engelage, Jon M. ; Eppley, Geary Wareham ; Erazmus, Barbara Ewa ; Etkin, A. ; Fachini, Patricia ; Feliciano, C. ; Ferenc, D. ; Ferguson, M. I. ; Fessler, H. ; Finch, Evan ; Fine, Valeri ; Fisyak, Yuri V. ; Flierl, Dominik Bernhard ; Flores, I. ; Foley, Kenneth John ; Fritz, D. ; Gagunashvili, N. ; Gans, J. ; Gaździcki, Marek ; Germain, Marie ; Geurts, Frank ; Ghazikhanian, Vahe ; Gojak, C. ; Grabski, J. ; Grachov, Oleg A. ; Grau, M. ; Greiner, D. ; Greiner, Leo Clifford ; Grigoriev, Vladislav A. ; Grosnick, David P. ; Gross, J. ; Guilloux, G. ; Gushin, E. ; Hall, J. ; Hallman, Timothy J. ; Hardtke, David H. ; Harper, G. ; Harris, John W. ; He, P. ; Heffner, M. ; Heppelmann, S. ; Herston, T. ; Hill, D. ; Hippolyte, Boris ; Hirsch, Andrew S. ; Hjort, Eric ; Hoffmann, Gerald W. ; Horsley, M. ; Howe, Mark A. ; Huang, Huan Zhong ; Humanic, Thomas J. ; Hümmler, H. ; Hunt, W. ; Hunter, J. ; Igo, George J. ; Ishihara, A. ; Ivanshin, Yu. I. ; Jacobs, P. ; Jacobs, William W. ; Jacobson, S. ; Jared, R. ; Jensen, P. ; Johnson, I. ; Jones, Peter Graham ; Judd, Eleanor G. ; Kaneta, Kaneta ; Kaplan, Morton ; Keane, Declan ; Kenney, V. P. ; Khodinov, A. ; Klay, Jennifer Lynn ; Klein, Spencer Robert ; Klyachko, A. ; Koehler, G. ; Konstantinov, A. S. ; Kormilitsyne, V. ; Kotchenda, L. ; Kotov, I. ; Kovalenko, A. D. ; Kramer, M. ; Kravtsov, Peter ; Krueger, Keith William ; Krupien, T. ; Kuczewski, P. ; Kuhn, Christian Claude ; Kunde, Gerd J. ; Kunz, Christopher Lee ; Kutuev, R. Kh. ; Kuznetsov, A. A. ; Lakehal-Ayat, L. ; Lamas-Valverde, Jose ; Lamont, Matthew A. C. ; Landgraf, Jeffery M. ; Lange, S. ; Lansdell, Curtis Patrick Leon ; Lasiuk, Brian ; Laue, Frank ; Lebedev, Alexei ; LeCompte, T. ; Leonhardt, W. J. ; Leontiev, V. M. ; Leszczynski, P. ; LeVine, Micheal J. ; Li, Q. ; Li, Q. ; Li, Z. ; Liaw, C.-J. ; Lin, J. ; Lindenbaum, Sam J. ; Lindenstruth, Volker ; Lindstrom, P. J. ; Lisa, Michael A. ; Liu, H. ; Ljubicic, Tonko A. ; Llope, William Joseph ; LoCurto, G. ; Long, H. ; Longacre, Ronald S. ; Lopez-Noriega, M. ; Lopiano, D. ; Love, William A. ; Lutz, J. R. ; Lynn, David ; Madansky, L. ; Maier, R. ; Majka, Richard Daniel ; Maliszewski, A. ; Margetis, Spyridon ; Marks, K. ; Marstaller, R. ; Martin, L. ; Marx, Jay N. ; Matis, Howard S. ; Matulenko, Yuri A. ; Matyushevski, E. A. ; McParland, C. ; McShane, Tom S. ; Meier, J. ; Melnick, Yu. ; Meščanin, Aleksei P. ; Middlekamp, P. ; Mikhalin, N. ; Miller, B. ; Milosevich, Z. ; Minaev, Nikolai G. ; Minor, B. ; Mitchell, J. ; Mogavero, E. ; Moiseenko, V. A. ; Moltz, D. ; Moore, C. F. ; Morozov, V. ; Morse, R. ; de Moura, M. M. ; Munhoz, Marcelo Gameiro ; Mutchler, G. S. ; Nelson, John M. ; Nevski, P. ; Ngo, T. ; Nguyen, M. ; Nguyen, T. ; Nikitin, Vladimir A. ; Nogach, Larisa V. ; Noggle, T. ; Norman, B. ; Nurušev, Sandibek B. ; Nussbaum, T. ; Nystrand, Joakim Ingemar ; Odyniec, Grazyna Janina ; Ogawa, Akio ; Ogilvie, C. A. ; Olchanski, K. ; Oldenburg, Markus D. ; Olson, Douglas L. ; Ososkov, G. A. ; Ott, G. ; Padrazo, D. ; Paic, Guy ; Pandey, S. U. ; Panebratsev, Yuri ; Panitkin, Sergei Yurievich ; Pavlinov, Alexei I. ; Pawlak, Tomasz Jan ; Pentia, M. ; Perevotchikov, V. ; Peryt, Wiktor Stanislaw ; Petrov, V. A ; Pinganaud, W. ; Pirogov, S. ; Platner, E. ; Pluta, Jan Marian ; Polk, I. ; Porile, Norbert T. ; Porter, Jeffrey Brent ; Poskanzer, Arthur M. ; Potrebenikova, E. ; Prindle, Duncan J. ; Pruneau, Claude A. ; Puskar-Pasewicz, J. ; Rai, Gulshan ; Rasson, J. ; Ravel, Olivier ; Ray, Robert L. ; Razin, Sergej V. ; Reichhold, Dennis Michael ; Reid, J. ; Renfordt, Rainer Arno Ernst ; Retiere, Fabrice ; Ridiger, Alexey ; Riso, J. ; Ritter, Hans Georg ; Roberts, Jabus B. ; Röhrich, Dieter ; Rogachevski, O. V. ; Romero, Juan L. ; Roy, Christelle Sophie ; Russ, D. ; Rykov, Vladimir L. ; Sakrejda, Iwona ; Sanchez, R. ; Sandler, Z. ; Sandweiss, Jack H. ; Sappenfield, P. ; Saulys, A. C. ; Savin, Igor A. ; Schambach, Joachim ; Scharenberg, Rolf Paul ; Scheblien, J. ; Scheetz, R. ; Schlueter, R. ; Schmitz, Norbert ; Schroeder, Lee S. ; Schulz, M. ; Schüttauf, Andreas ; Sedlmeir, J. ; Seger, Janet Elizabeth ; Seliverstov, D. ; Seyboth, J. ; Seyboth, Peter ; Seymour, R. ; Shakaliev, E. I. ; Shestermanov, Konstantin E. ; Shi, Y. ; Šimanskij, Stepan S. ; Shuman, D. ; Shvetcov, V. S. ; Skoro, Goran P. ; Smirnov, N. ; Smykov, L. P. ; Snellings, Raimond ; Solberg, K. ; Sowinski, James ; Spinka, Harold. M. ; Srivastava, B. ; Stephenson, Edward J. ; Stock, Reinhard ; Stolpovsky, Alexander ; Stone, N. ; Stone, R. ; Strichanov, Michail Nikolaevič ; Stringfellow, Blair ; Stroebele, H. ; Struck, Christof ; Suaide, Alexandre Alarcon do Passo ; Sugarbaker, Evan R. ; Suire, Christophe Pierre ; Symons, Timothy James MacNeil ; Takahashi, Jun ; Tang, Aihong ; Tarchini, A. ; Tarzian, J. ; Thomas, James H. ; Tikhomirov, V. ; Toledo, Alejandro Szanto de ; Tonse, S. ; Trainor, Thomas A. ; Trentalange, Stephen ; Tokarev, Mikhail V. ; Tonjes, Marguerite Belt ; Trofimov, V. ; Tsai, Oleg D. ; Turner, K. ; Ullrich, Thomas ; Underwood, David G. ; Vakula, I. ; Van Buren, Gene ; VanderMolen, A. M. ; Vanyashin, A. ; Vasilevski, I. M. ; Vasiliev, Alexander Nikolaevich ; Vigdor, Steven E. ; Visser, G. ; Voloshin, Sergei ; Vu, C. ; Wang, F. ; Ward, H. ; Weerasundara, Dhammika D. ; Weidenbach, R. ; Wells, R. ; Wells, R. ; Wenaus, T. ; Westfall, Gary D. ; Whitfield, J. P. ; Whitten, Charles A. ; Wieman, Howard ; Willson, Robert ; Wilson, K. ; Wirth, Joana ; Wisdom, J. ; Wissink, Scott W. ; Witt, Richard ; Wolf, J. ; Wood, L. ; Xu, N. ; Xu, Z. ; Yakutin, A. E. ; Yamamoto, E. ; Yang, J. ; Yepes, Pablo P. ; Yokosawa, A. ; Yurevich, Vladimir Yurevich ; Zanevski, Y. V. ; Zhang, J. ; Zhang, W. M. ; Zhu, Jianhui ; Zimmerman, D. ; Zoulkarneev, R. ; Zubarev, A. N.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=130 GeV using the STAR TPC at RHIC. The elliptic flow signal, v_2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
A recent paper on the phylogenetic relationships of species within the cephalopod family Mastigoteuthidae meant great progress in stabilizing the classification of the family. The authors, however, left the generic placement of Mastigoteuthis pyrodes unresolved. This problem is corrected here by placing this species in a new monotypic genus, Mastigotragus, based on unique structures of the photophores and the funnel/mantle locking apparatus.
Bauer, Michael ; Glenn, Tasha ; Achtyes, Eric D. ; Agaoglu, Esen ; Altınbaş, Kürşat ; Andreassen, Ole A. ; Angelopoulos, Elias ; Ardau, Raffaella ; Arrua Vares, Edgar ; Aydin, Memduha ; Ayhan, Yavuz ; Baethge, Christopher Jan ; Bauer, Rita ; Baune, Bernhard T. ; Balaban, Ceylan ; Becerra-Palars, Claudia ; Behere, Aniruddh P. ; Behere, Prakash B. ; Belete, Habte ; Belete, Tilahun ; Belizario, Gabriel Okawa ; Bellivier, Frank ; Belmaker, Robert H. ; Benedetti, Francesco ; Berk, Michael ; Bersudsky, Yuly ; Bicakci, Şule ; Birabwa-Oketcho, Harriet ; Bjella, Thomas D. ; Brady, Conan ; Cabrera, Jorge ; Cappucciati, Marco ; Castro, Angela Marianne Paredes ; Chen, Wei-Ling ; Cheung, Eric Y. Wo ; Chiesa, Silvia ; Crowe, Marie ; Cuomo, Alessandro ; Dallaspezia, Sara ; Del Zompo, Maria ; Desai, Pratikkumar ; Dodd, Seetal ; Donix, Markus ; Etain, Bruno ; Fagiolini, Andrea ; Fellendorf, Frederike Tabea ; Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, Ewa ; Fiedorowicz, Jess G. ; Fountoulakis, Kostas N. ; Frye, Mark A. ; Geoffroy, Pierre A. ; Gonzalez-Pinto, Ana ; Gottlieb, John F. ; Grof, Paul ; Haarman, Bartholomeus C. M. ; Harima, Hirohiko ; Hasse-Sousa, Mathias ; Henry, Chantal ; Høffding, Lone ; Houenou, Josselin ; Imbesi, Massimiliano ; Isometsä, Erkki T. ; Ivkovic, Maja ; Janno, Sven ; Johnsen, Simon ; Kapczinski, Flávio ; Karakatsoulis, Gregory N. ; Kardell, Mathias ; Kessing, Lars Vedel ; Kim, Seong Jae ; König, Barbara ; Kot, Timur L. ; Koval, Michael ; Kunz, Mauricio ; Lafer, Beny ; Landén, Mikael ; Larsen, Erik R. ; Lenger, Melanie ; Lewitzka, Ute ; Licht, Rasmus W. ; Lopez-Jaramillo, Carlos ; MacKenzie, Alan ; Madsen, Helle Østergaard ; Madsen, Simone Alberte Kongstad A. ; Mahadevan, Jayant ; Mahardika, Agustine ; Manchia, Mirko ; Marsh, Wendy ; Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, Monica ; Martiny, Klaus ; Mashima, Yuki ; McLoughlin, Declan M. ; Meesters, Ybe ; Melle, Ingrid ; Meza-Urzúa, Fátima ; Ming, Mok Yee ; Monteith, Scott ; Moorthy, Muthukumaran ; Morken, Gunnar ; Mosca, Enrica ; Mozzhegorov, Anton A. ; Munoz, Rodrigo ; Mythri, Starlin V. ; Nacef, Fethi ; Nadella, Ravi K. ; Nakanotani, Takako ; Nielsen, René Ernst ; O'Donovan, Claire ; Omrani, Adel ; Osher, Yamima ; Ouali, Uta ; Pantovic-Stefanovic, Maja ; Pariwatcharakul, Pornjira ; Petite, Joanne ; Pfennig, Andrea ; Pica Ruiz, Yolanda ; Pilhatsch, Maximilian ; Pinna, Marco ; Pompili, Maurizio ; Porter, Richard ; Quiroz, Danilo ; Rabelo-da-Ponte, Francisco Diego ; Ramesar, Raj ; Rasgon, Natalie ; Ratta-apha, Woraphat ; Ratzenhofer, Michaela ; Redahan, Maria ; Reddy, M. S. ; Reif, Andreas ; Reininghaus, Eva Z. ; Richards, Jenny Gringer ; Ritter, Philipp ; Rybakowski, Janusz K. ; Sathyaputri, Leela ; Scippa, Ângela M. ; Simhandl, Christian ; Severus, Emanuel ; Smith, Daniel ; Smith, José ; Stackhouse Jr., Paul W. ; Stein, Dan J. ; Stilwell, Kellen ; Strejilevich, Sergio ; Su, Kuan-Pin ; Subramaniam, Mythily ; Sulaiman, Ahmad Hatim ; Suominen, Kirsi ; Tanra, Andi J. ; Tatebayashi, Yoshitaka ; Teh, Wen Lin ; Tondo, Leonardo ; Torrent, Carla ; Tuinstra, Daniel ; Uchida, Takahito ; Vaaler, Arne E. ; Veeh, Julia ; Vieta, Eduard ; Viswanath, Biju ; Yoldi-Negrete, Maria ; Yalcinkaya, Oguz Kaan ; Young, Allan H. ; Zgueb, Yosra ; Whybrow, Peter C.
Background: Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods: Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results: This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion: A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed.
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