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Auswertungen von Untersuchungen über frühere Waldnutzungen sowie Waldweide legen nahe, dass die Verjüngung der mitteleuropäischen laubabwerfenden Eichenarten Stieleiche (Quercus robur L.) und Traubeneiche (Quercus petraea Liebl.) ein episodischer Prozess ist, mit oft langen Phasen ausbleibender Verjüngung im Wechsel mit Phasen der erfolgreichen Etablierung einer neuen Generation. Eine Vielzahl von Faktoren wirkt sich auf die Verjüngung der Eichen aus. Als besonders bedeutsam werden genannt die Lichtversorgung; Prädation der Eicheln insbesondere durch Mäuse, Wildschweine und andere Tiere; Verbiss durch Wildtiere und Weidetiere; Befall der Blätter durch Mehltau (Microsphaera alphitoides); Konkurrenz durch die Bodenvegetation; Spätfrost; sowie der Wasserhaushalt des Standorts. All diese Faktoren wirken in einem komplexen Wechselspiel zusammen. Zur Ansamung und erfolgreichen Etablierung der Eichen im Wald sind eine Auflichtung des Kronendachs sowie eine niedrigwüchsige Bodenvegetation notwendig. Letztere können beispielsweise durch Beweidung erreicht werden. Verbiss wird bei guter Lichtversorgung durch die Jungeichen gut vertragen, es bilden sich bonsai-artige Krüppelbäumchen mit tiefreichendem Wurzelwerk heraus. Ein Höhenwachstum setzt jedoch erst dann ein, wenn der Weidedruck reduziert wird. Dies kann durch zeitliche oder räumliche Schwankungen des Verbissdrucks erreicht werden (Weideruhe). Die laubabwerfende Stiel- und Traubeneiche muss daher als Intermediärtyp zwischen Pionierbaumart und „stresstolerator“ sensu GRIME et al. (1978) eingestuft werden. In vielen Kulturlandschaften finden sich Bedingungen zur erfolgreichen natürlichen Eichenetablierung, also ohne unterstützende waldbauliche Maßnahmen, heute nur mehr an linienförmigen saum- und mantelartigen Randstrukturen von Wäldern, in Hecken und Gebüschen – dort trotz des Vorhandenseins von Wild. Naturschutzfachliche Gründe und zu erwartende Klimaänderungen legen jedoch eine stärkere Beachtung und Förderung der Eichenverjüngung nahe. Hierzu stellt Beweidung im Wechsel mit Weideruhe eine in Vergessenheit geratene und heute nur mehr wenig bekannte Möglichkeit dar.
There have been many studies involving the use of hemispherical photographs to indirectly estimate canopy structures and forest light environments. A variety of commercial and free software packages are available for the analysis of hemispherical photographs. The costs of investment might represent an advantage of the free programmes over the commercial, but as yet little has been documented about the differences in their outputs and in the technical applications from a user (ecologist and forester) perspective. The objective of the study was to compare the canopy structure variables (canopy openness and effective plant area index) and solar radiation transmission estimates (direct, diffuse and global solar radiation transmittances) from digital hemispherical photographs taken under two forest canopy conditions (gap and closed canopy) in three different broadleaf forest regions (Chile, Germany, Venezuela) and calculated using four different programmes. The hemispherical photographs were analysed using one commercial (HemiView) and three free programmes (Gap Light Analyzer, hemIMAGE and Winphot). The results obtained revealed that all of the programmes computed similar estimates of both canopy structures and below-canopy solar radiation. Only the results relating to the effective plant area index with an ellipsoidal leaf angle distribution made with HemiView and Winphot deviated significantly. Other user aspects are also discussed, such as costs, image formats, computer system requirements, etc.
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is a dwarf shrub with high ecological relevance as habitat and as a food source for many animals in mountain forests of central Europe. This species benefits from conifer forests and declines with an increase of broadleaved tree species in the canopy. The ongoing large-scale conversion from conifer to broadleaved forests may significantly alter the ground vegetation, especially the dominance of a key species such as bilberry. We used morphological indicators to investigate the vitality of bilberry. The first objective was to determine whether the vitality of bilberry is negatively impacted by increasing the proportion of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) forests. The vitality of bilberry was measured by its cover, height, biomass, shoot length and basal diameter. The second objective was to determine whether these changes in bilberry vitality were related to light, canopy cover, soil pH, organic layer mass and tree species. The data was collected from three study areas in the southern and central Black Forest. The bedrock consisted of gneiss and granite whereas the stands were either: pure beech, a mixture of beech and spruce or pure spruce. The stands were located adjacent to each other. On all three areas a higher vitality of bilberry was observed under spruce compared to beech. Mixed effect models show that the occurrence of spruce is the most important variable explaining the increase in bilberry biomass. Light had a small positive effect, whereas soil properties had negligible effects and were site specific. These results are a strong indication of the negative influence that beech has on bilberry in conifer dominated forests. This has to be taken into consideration when developing silvicultural approaches and should be a consideration when making plans for the preservation of habitat for species like capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus L.). This is even more important today because the recent trend in central European forestry is to increase the proportion of beech.
Knowledge is limited as to how prior SARS-CoV-2 infection influences cellular and humoral immunity after booster-vaccination with bivalent BA.4/5-adapted mRNA-vaccines, and whether vaccine-induced immunity correlates with subsequent infection. In this observational study, individuals with prior infection (n=64) showed higher vaccine-induced anti-spike IgG antibodies and neutralizing titers, but the relative increase was significantly higher in non-infected individuals (n=63). In general, both groups showed higher neutralizing activity towards the parental strain than towards Omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5. In contrast, CD4 or CD8 T-cell levels towards spike from the parental strain and the Omicron subvariants, and cytokine expression profiles were similar irrespective of prior infection. Breakthrough infections occurred more frequently among previously non-infected individuals, who had significantly lower vaccine-induced spike-specific neutralizing activity and CD4 T-cell levels. Thus, the magnitude of vaccine-induced neutralizing activity and specific CD4 T-cells after bivalent vaccination may serve as a correlate for protection in previously non-infected individuals.