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The large fortifi cation of Corneşti-larcuri is located on the Mureş River in Romania and comprises four rings of defensive ramparts. With the outermost rampart encircling a total area of 17.65 km2, Corneşti-larcuri is thus considered the largest Bronze Age fortification in Europe. New intensive research began in 2007 with the six-year project “Investigations on settlement structures and the chronology of the Late Bronze Age fortification of Corneşti-larcuri in Romanian Banat”, funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The project terminated in the autumn of 2017. Now the goal is to evaluate the data collected during the last eleven years and to develop the first syntheses. As part of the new excavations, a total of 109 radiocarbon datings from diff erent contexts (ramparts, ditches, pits, house structures, etc.) were obtained. The subsequent phase model based upon these data essentially refers to the dating of ramparts I and II and to pits associated with house contexts. Thus, it enables a site biography for Corneşti-larcuri to be outlined for the first time and four settlement phases to be distinguished.
This paper provides a glimpse into the palaeoecological conditions at the prehistoric settlement Corneşti-Iarcuri in the southwest Romanian Banat, which is known as the largest Bronze Age fortification in Europe. Preservation of pollen is generally poor in the region, where extensive marshlands have been drained and converted into arable lands since the 18th century. Remarkably, some fossil topsoils buried under thick colluvial layers within the fortification proved to contain pollen. Together with the sediments themselves, which serve as direct evidence for anthropogenically infl uenced geomorphodynamics and could partially be put into chronological context by radiocarbon dating, the on-site palynological data offer a unique opportunity to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental setting at Corneşti. Results reveal that during the Chalcolithic period, a partially cleared open woodland with Tilia, Quercus and Corylus prevailed. Soil erosion began in some central parts of the settlement site, resulting in the accumulation of up to 90 cm of colluvium in the main valley. Until the Early Iron Age, regional tree percentages dropped from around 38 to 22 %, while anthropogenic indicators (Cerealia, Plantago lanceolata, Polygonum aviculare) increased from 11 to 16 %. Meanwhile, between 50 to 170 cm of colluvium were deposited at the investigated floodplain sites.
In the Central German Uplands, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies have been particularly affected by climate change. With the establishment of beech forests about 3000 years ago and pure spruce stands 500 years ago, they might be regarded as ‘neophytes’ in the Hessian forests. Palaeoecological investigations at wetland sites in the low mountain ranges and intramontane basins point to an asynchronous vegetation evolution in a comparatively small but heterogenous region. On the other hand, palynological data prove that sustainably managed woodlands with high proportions of Tilia have been persisting for several millennia, before the spread of beech took place as a result of a cooler and wetter climate and changes in land management. In view of increasingly warmer and drier conditions, Tilia cordata appears especially qualified to be an important silvicultural constituent of the future, not only due to its tolerance towards drought, but also its resistance to browsing, and the ability to reproduce vegetatively. Forest managers should be encouraged to actively promote the return to more stress-tolerant lime-dominated woodlands, similar to those that existed in the Subboreal chronozone.
In den hessischen Mittelgebirgen wurden in der späten Bronzezeit erste befestigte Höhensiedlungen errichtet. Während für diese Zeit in den benachbarten fruchtbaren Beckenlagen eine intensive landwirtschaftliche Nutzung belegt ist, wissen wir über die Nutzungssysteme sowie die Entnahme von Ressourcen in den Mittelgebirgen noch vergleichsweise wenig. Im Rahmen des LOEWE-Projektes „Bronzezeitliche Burgen zwischen Taunus und Karpaten“ werden mit Hilfe archäobotanischer Analysen die Art und Intensität der Nutzung, mögliche Auswirkungen durch die Befestigungen auf die Vegetation der Umgebung sowie ihr Verhältnis zu den zentralen Altsiedellandschaften untersucht. Die pollenanalytischen Arbeiten konzentrieren sich auf den Taunus, den Raum Fulda und die Rhön. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen dort im ausgehenden 2. und beginnenden 1. Jt. v. Chr. eine deutliche Veränderung der Vegetation, die sich insbesondere durch einen raschen Wandel der von linden- zu buchendominierten Wäldern auszeichnet. Inwieweit der Bau der befestigten Höhensiedlungen in der späten Bronzezeit für die großen waldgeschichtlichen Umbrüche mit verantwortlich war oder eher als Reaktion darauf zu verstehen ist, soll im Zuge der weiteren Untersuchungen geklärt werden.