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IHMCIF: an extension of the PDBx/mmCIF data standard for integrative structure determination methods
(2024)
IHMCIF (github.com/ihmwg/IHMCIF) is a data information framework that supports archiving and disseminating macromolecular structures determined by integrative or hybrid modeling (IHM), and making them Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR). IHMCIF is an extension of the Protein Data Bank Exchange/macromolecular Crystallographic Information Framework (PDBx/mmCIF) that serves as the framework for the Protein Data Bank (PDB) to archive experimentally determined atomic structures of biological macromolecules and their complexes with one another and small molecule ligands (e.g., enzyme cofactors and drugs). IHMCIF serves as the foundational data standard for the PDB-Dev prototype system, developed for archiving and disseminating integrative structures. It utilizes a flexible data representation to describe integrative structures that span multiple spatiotemporal scales and structural states with definitions for restraints from a variety of experimental methods contributing to integrative structural biology. The IHMCIF extension was created with the benefit of considerable community input and recommendations gathered by the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) Task Force for Integrative or Hybrid Methods (wwpdb.org/task/hybrid). Herein, we describe the development of IHMCIF to support evolving methodologies and ongoing advancements in integrative structural biology. Ultimately, IHMCIF will facilitate the unification of PDB-Dev data and tools with the PDB archive so that integrative structures can be archived and disseminated through PDB.
Insertion of bone substitution materials accelerates healing of osteoporotic fractures. Biodegradable materials are preferred for application in osteoporotic patients to avoid a second surgery for implant replacement. Degraded implant fragments are often absorbed by macrophages that are removed from the fracture side via passage through veins or lymphatic vessels. We investigated if lymphatic vessels occur in osteoporotic bone defects and whether they are regulated by the use of different materials. To address this issue osteoporosis was induced in rats using the classical method of bilateral ovariectomy and additional calcium and vitamin deficient diet. In addition, wedge-shaped defects of 3, 4, or 5 mm were generated in the distal metaphyseal area of femur via osteotomy. The 4 mm defects were subsequently used for implantation studies where bone substitution materials of calcium phosphate cement, composites of collagen and silica, and iron foams with interconnecting pores were inserted. Different materials were partly additionally functionalized by strontium or bisphosphonate whose positive effects in osteoporosis treatment are well known. The lymphatic vessels were identified by immunohistochemistry using an antibody against podoplanin. Podoplanin immunopositive lymphatic vessels were detected in the granulation tissue filling the fracture gap, surrounding the implant and growing into the iron foam through its interconnected pores. Significant more lymphatic capillaries were counted at the implant interface of composite, strontium and bisphosphonate functionalized iron foam. A significant increase was also observed in the number of lymphatics situated in the pores of strontium coated iron foam. In conclusion, our results indicate the occurrence of lymphatic vessels in osteoporotic bone. Our results show that lymphatic vessels are localized at the implant interface and in the fracture gap where they might be involved in the removal of lymphocytes, macrophages, debris and the implants degradation products. Therefore the lymphatic vessels are involved in implant integration and fracture healing.
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und Charakterisierung von Inhibitoren der 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) und der mikrosomalen Prostaglandin E2 Synthase-1 (mPGES-1) als neue potentielle antientzündliche Wirkstoffe. Beide Enzyme befinden sich innerhalb der Arachidonsäurekaskade und sind einerseits an der Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Biosynthese und andererseits an der Biosynthese der Leukotriene (LTs) beteiligt (siehe Abb. 1). Die mPGES-1 ist ein membranständiges
Enzym, das downstream lokalisiert ist, hauptsächlich unterhalb der induzierbaren COX-2, und katalysiert die Reaktion von PGH2 zu PGE2. PGE2 gilt innerhalb der Prostaglandine als prominentester Vertreter bezüglich Entzündungen, Schmerzen und Fieber. Die Leukotriene gehören ebenso wie die Prostaglandine zu den proinflammatorisch wirkenden Lipid-Mediatoren und sind unter anderem beteiligt an der Bronchokonstriktion oder erhöhen auch die vaskuläre Permeabilität. Während dieser Arbeit wurden die Struktur-Wirkungsbeziehungen zweier verschiedener Substanzklassen untersucht. Leitstruktur I entstammt einem Pirinixinsäure-Derivat (siehe Abb. 2). Die Pirinixinsäure (Verbindung 1) selbst ist sowohl an der mPGES-1 als auch an der 5-LO inaktiv. Initiale Arbeiten haben gezeigt, dass eine Einführung eines n-Hexyl Restes in α-Position zu der Carbonsäure zu einer dualen Inhibition der 5-LO und mPGES-1 geführt hat (Verb. 2). Unter Beibehaltung dieses Restes sollte der lipophile Rückraum durch Austausch des 2,3-Xylidin-Gerüsts optimiert werden und hier hat sich insbesondere das 4-(4-Chlorphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amin Gerüst als potent erwiesen (Verb. 3). Mit dieser Erkenntnis sollten verschiedene 2-Aminothiazolhaltige Pirinixinsäurederivate synthetisiert werden, und ihre Struktur-Wirkungsbeziehung als
duale 5-LO/ mPGES-1 Inhibitoren untersucht werden. Leitstruktur II entstammt einem virtuellen Screening Ansatz, in dem neue acidische mPGES-1 Inhibitoren identifiziert werden sollten. Das Benzensulfonamid Derivat FR4 (Verb. 4) stellt dabei eine neuartige Leitstruktur für mPGES-1 Inhibitoren dar, die nicht nur in der Lage sind die humane mPGES-1 zu hemmen, sondern ebenso die murine mPGES-1. Viele in der Literatur beschriebene mPGES-1 Inhibitoren sind zwar in der Lage, die humane mPGES-1 sehr potent zu inhibieren, haben allerdings keinen Effekt gezeigt in ersten präklinischen Versuchen, weil der Spezies Unterschied zwischen der murinen und humanen mPGES-1 zu groß ist. Dementsprechend liefern die Benzensulfonamide einen interessanten Ansatzpunkt für die Entwicklung neuartiger mPGES-1 Inhibitoren, um die Hürde der präklinischen Entwicklung zu überwinden.
Investigations of the micro- and nanostructures and chemical composition of the sponge skeletons as examples for natural structural biocomposites are of fundamental scientific relevance. Recently, we show that some demosponges (Verongula gigantea, Aplysina sp.) and glass sponges (Farrea occa, Euplectella aspergillum) possess chitin as a component of their skeletons. The main practical approach we used for chitin isolation was based on alkali treatment of corresponding external layers of spicules sponge material with the aim of obtaining alkali-resistant compounds for detailed analysis. Here, we present a detailed study of the structural and physicochemical properties of spicules of the glass sponge Rossella fibulata. The structural similarity of chitin derived from this sponge to invertebrate alpha chitin has been confirmed by us unambiguously using physicochemical and biochemical methods. This is the first report of a silica-chitin composite biomaterial found in Rossella species. Finally, the present work includes a discussion related to strategies for the practical application of silica-chitin-based composites as biomaterials.
Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) are key metabolic regulators. Imbalance of SIK function is associated with the development of diverse cancers, including breast, gastric and ovarian cancer. Chemical tools to clarify the roles of SIK in different diseases are, however, sparse and are generally characterized by poor kinome-wide selectivity. Here, we have adapted the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one-based PAK inhibitor G-5555 for the targeting of SIK, by exploiting differences in the back-pocket region of these kinases. Optimization was supported by high-resolution crystal structures of G-5555 bound to the known off-targets MST3 and MST4, leading to a chemical probe, MRIA9, with dual SIK/PAK activity and excellent selectivity over other kinases. Furthermore, we show that MRIA9 sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to treatment with the mitotic agent paclitaxel, confirming earlier data from genetic knockdown studies and suggesting a combination therapy with SIK inhibitors and paclitaxel for the treatment of paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer.
