Einleitend wird ein Überblick über die Grundlagen typologischer Forschung an kleinen Fließgewässern in Baden-Württemberg gegeben. Der Ansatz einer regionalen Bachtypologie umschließt folgende Fachaspekte: Geologie und Geomorphologie, Gewässermorphologie und Abfluss, Hydrochemie, Gewässer- und Auenvegetation und Gewässerfauna. Zentraler Leitgedanke der typologischen Gliederung ist die Einteilung des Landes Baden-Württemberg in 11 Hauptfließgewässerlandschaften, die in erster Linie nach geologischgeomorphologischen Kriterien abgegrenzt wurden und naturräumliche Einheiten des Landes zusammenfassen. Von den 11 Hauptfließgewässerlandschaften wurden im Rahmen von zwei PW AB-Verbundforschungsvorhaben (" Projekt Wasser-Abfall-Boden") die folgenden vier auf methodisch einheitlicher Grundlage bearbeitet: Buntsandstein-Odenwald, Metamorphes Grundgebirge (Gneisschwarzwald), Berg- und Hügelland im Keuper, Oberrheinebene (holozäne Aufschüttungen und jungquartäre Schotterflächen).
As a part of the interdisciplinary research project ”Integration of nature protection goals with organic farming: an the example from the Hessian ”state domain” [Staatsdomäne] area Frankenhausen”, different restoration measures have been carried out within this site, 15 km north of Kassel. Since 1998, intensive conventional agricultural practices have been substituted with organic farming here. One intention of the agricultural restructuring was to realise nature protection goals in cooperation with sustainable organic agricultural production.
The hydrologic portion of the project addresses both the implementation of restoration measures in rivers and streams and their scientific monitoring. Starting in July 2007, several restoration measures were carried out in the hydrologic systems of the Jungfernbach and Esse streams within the Frankenhausen site. Both systems are formed by typical loess streams (catchment size about 9 km2) which had been heavily degraded for several hundred years by intensive agriculture. The most important restoration measures were removal of a piped section of a tributary of the Jungfernbach at Totenhof, restoration of biological passability by removal of weirs and substitution of narrow pipes under farm paths, relocation of a section of the Jungfernbach from the edge of the floodplain to its original location in the centre, widening of narrow sections and partial raising of the deepened stream bed by means of rough ramps (stone bars) and racks made of oak wood or iron.
These physical restoration measures were accompanied by a scientific monitoring programme comprising morphological, hydrochemical and biological (aquatic macrophytes, aquatic macroinvertebrates, fish and amphibians) aspects.
The aim of this study was to document the original ecological conditions, the restoration measures and the early ecological effects on the stream sections for the first six months following restoration as a basis for further ecological monitoring.
The restoration measures effected clear morphological changes in cross-section and passability. The chemical condition of the streams showed slight changes in some aspects following the restoration, e. g. a reduction of phosphorus, magnesium and potassium concentration. Other than macrophytic algae in the newly shaped sections, aquatic macrophytes did not develop over the winter season before the end of the monitoring phase in April 2008. Within the newly shaped stream sections of a small tributary and of the Jungfernbach, up to 14 aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa started to colonise the new habitats 6 months after restoration.
Fish fauna were very poorly represented in the streams and included only a few specimens of brown trout (Salmo trutta). This did not change markedly after restoration, possibly due to the isolation of the population caused by impassable weirs downstream of the investigation area.