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During the measurement campaign FROST 2 (FReezing Of duST 2), the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS) was used to investigate the influence of various surface modifications on the ice nucleating ability of Arizona Test Dust (ATD) particles in the immersion freezing mode. The dust particles were exposed to sulfuric acid vapor, to water vapor with and without the addition of ammonia gas, and heat using a thermodenuder operating at 250 °C. Size selected, quasi monodisperse particles with a mobility diameter of 300 nm were fed into LACIS and droplets grew on these particles such that each droplet contained a single particle. Temperature dependent frozen fractions of these droplets were determined in a temperature range between −40 °C ≤T≤−28 °C. The pure ATD particles nucleated ice over a broad temperature range with their freezing behavior being separated into two freezing branches characterized through different slopes in the frozen fraction vs. temperature curves. Coating the ATD particles with sulfuric acid resulted in the particles' IN potential significantly decreasing in the first freezing branch (T>−35 °C) and a slight increase in the second branch (T≤−35 °C). The addition of water vapor after the sulfuric acid coating caused the disappearance of the first freezing branch and a strong reduction of the IN ability in the second freezing branch. The presence of ammonia gas during water vapor exposure had a negligible effect on the particles' IN ability compared to the effect of water vapor. Heating in the thermodenuder led to a decreased IN ability of the sulfuric acid coated particles for both branches but the additional heat did not or only slightly change the IN ability of the pure ATD and the water vapor exposed sulfuric acid coated particles. In other words, the combination of both sulfuric acid and water vapor being present is a main cause for the ice active surface features of the ATD particles being destroyed. A possible explanation could be the chemical transformation of ice active metal silicates to metal sulfates. The strongly enhanced reaction between sulfuric acid and dust in the presence of water vapor and the resulting significant reductions in IN potential are of importance for atmospheric ice cloud formation. Our findings suggest that the IN concentration can decrease by up to one order of magnitude for the conditions investigated.
Development of a Bioaerosol single particle detector (BIO IN) for the Fast Ice Nucleus CHamber FINCH
(2010)
In this work we present the setup and first tests of our new BIO IN detector. This detector was constructed to classify atmospheric ice nuclei (IN) for their biological content. It is designed to be coupled to the Fast Ice Nucleus CHamber FINCH. If one particle acts as an ice nucleus, it will be at least partly covered with ice at the end of the development section of the FINCH chamber. The device combines an auto-fluorescence detector and a circular depolarization detector for simultaneous detection of biological material and discrimination between water droplets, ice crystals and non activated large aerosol particles. The excitation of biological material with UV light and analysis of auto-fluorescence is a common principle used for flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, spectroscopy and imaging. The detection of auto-fluorescence of airborne single particles demands some more experimental effort. However, expensive commercial sensors are available for special purposes, e.g. size distribution measurements. But these sensors will not fit the specifications needed for the FINCH IN counter (e.g. high sample flow of up 10 LPM). The newly developed -low cost- BIO IN sensor uses a single high-power UV LED for the electronic excitation instead of much more expensive UV lasers. Other key advantages of the new sensor are the low weight, compact size, and the little effect on the aerosol sample, which allows it to be coupled with other instruments for further analysis. The instrument will be flown on one of the first missions of the new German research aircraft "HALO" (High Altitude and LOng range).
In this work we present the setup and first tests of our new BIO IN detector. This detector is designed to classify atmospheric ice nuclei (IN) for their biological content. Biological material is identified via its auto-fluorescence (intrinsic fluorescence) after irradiation with UV radiation. Ice nuclei are key substances for precipitation development via the Bergeron–Findeisen process. The level of scientific knowledge regarding origin and climatology (temporal and spatial distribution) of IN is very low. Some biological material is known to be active as IN even at relatively high temperatures of up to –2°C (e.g. pseudomonas syringae bacteria). These biological IN could have a strong influence on the formation of clouds and precipitation. We have designed the new BIO IN sensor to analyze the abundance of IN of biological origin. The instrument will be flown on one of the first missions of the new German research aircraft ''HALO'' (High Altitude and LOng Range).
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit wurde eingangs über den Begriff der erweiterten Schließung der optischen und mikrophysikalischen Eigenschaften der Partikel definiert. Hierunter versteht man das Zusammenfügen von verschiedenen Messungen zu einem konsistenten Bild der betrachteten Partikeleigenschaften. Darüber hinaus sollen die Messungen auch in anderen Teilgebieten der Aerosolphysik verwendbar sein, um so das konsistente Bild zu erweitern. Dieses so umschriebene Ziel konnte für die mikrophysikalischen und optischen Messergebnisse, die während des LACE 98 Experimentes, einem vom Bundesministerium für Forschung und Bildung (Bmb f) geförderten Schließungsexperiment, in Lindenberg (Brandenburg) rund 50 km südöstlich von Berlin im Juli und August 1998 erfasst wurden, erreicht werden. Die Messungen wurden erfolgreich zu einem konsistenten Datensatz und einem "Bild" der Partikeleigenschaften zusammengefügt. Unter dem Begriff "Bild" subsummiert sich hierbei nicht nur eine Charakterisierung der Variabilität und Abhängigkeit der Partikeleigenschaften, z.B. von der rel. Luftfeuchte, sondern darüber hinaus auch eine Charakterisierung der Beeinflussung verschiedener von den Eigenschaften der Partikel abhängiger Größen. Hierzu zählen Strahlungshaushaltsgrößen (Erwärmungsrate der Luft durch Absorption solarer Strahlung und die Volumenabsorption solarer Strahlung durch Partikel), wolkenphysikalische Größen (maximale Übersättigung der Wolkenluft während der Wolkenentstehung und Anzahlkonzentration der wachsenden Wolkentropfen), die massengewichtete mittlere Sedimentationsgeschwindigkeit von Partikeln und nicht zuletzt gesundheitsrelevante Größen, wie z.B. die vom Menschen beim Atmen aufgenommene und eingelagerte Partikelmasse. Nachfolgende Zusammenstellung soll nochmals die erzielten Ergebnisse zusammenfassen. Für eine detaillierte Darstellung der in den einzelnen Kapiteln erzielten Ergebnisse soll hier nur auf die jeweiligen Zusammenfassungen der einzelnen Kapitel verwiesen werden. . Im Rahmen der direkten Schließung, wurden unterschiedliche Verfahren zur Bestimmung der optischen Eigenschaften der Partikel erfolgreich miteinander verglichen. Beteiligt waren bei diesem Vergleich folgende Methoden: Partikel im trockenen Zustand: -- Aerosolphotometer (alle optischen Eigenschaften, ) -- Nephelometer (Streukoeffizient) -- PSAP (Absorptionskoeffizient) -- IPMethode (Absorptionskoeffizient) -- Telephotometer (Extinktionskoeffizient) Partikel bei Umgebungsfeuchte: -- Telephotometer (Extinktionskoeffizient) -- horizontales Lidar (Extinktionskoeffizient) Es zeigte sich, dass sich das Aerosolphotometer mit seinem schon aus der Theorie des Messverfahrens her begründeten konsistenten Satz aller optischen Eigenschaften als Referenzmethode während LACE 98 bewährte. Mit seiner Hilfe konnte nun auch die Gültigkeit einer empirischen Korrektur des PSAP nach Bond et al. [1999] für natürliche Aerosolpartikel bestätigt werden. Dem Anwender dieses Gerätes, das mit einer hervorragenden zeitlichen Auflösung von wenigen Minuten den Absorptionskoeffizienten bestimmt, stehen somit zwei unabhängig voneinander gewonnene Kalibrierungsfunktionen zur Verfügung, die innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen auch mit einander im Einklang stehen. . Im Rahmen der indirekten Schließung wurde ein Modell entwickelt, mit dem auf Basis eines Kugelschalenmodells der Partikel aus Messungen der mikrophysikalischen Eigenschaften der Partikel den Extinktions, den Streu- und den Absorptionskoeffizienten sowie die Single Scattering Albedo berechnet wurden. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells wurde der Feuchteeffekt der oben genannten optischen Eigenschaften berechnet. Mit diesen Ergebnissen konnten dann die Messwerte des Telephotometers feuchtekorrigiert, und mit den Messungen des Aerosolphotometers verglichen werden, wo bei eine gute Übereinstimmung der Messreihen festgestellt werden konnte. Die beobachteten Unterschiede konnten auf Ernteaktivitäten, die nur die Messungen des Telephotometers beeinflussten, zurückgeführt werden. Ein Vergleich der mit Hilfe des Modells auch direkt berechenbaren optischen Eigenschaften mit den direkten Messwerten der beteiligten Verfahren fiel ebenfalls positiv aus. Anhand aller Modellrechnungen wurde eine physikalisch motivierte Näherungsfunktion für den Feuchteeffekt des Extinktions- und des Streukoeffizienten als Funktion des Aktivierungsparameters bereit gestellt. In Klimamodellen kann mit Hilfe der vorgestellten Näherungsfunktionen der Feuchteeffekt auf einfache Weise parametrisiert werden. Wenn man allerdings konkrete Messergebnisse miteinander vergleichen möchte, ist man auf eine vollständige Erfassung der mikrophysikalischen Eigenschaften der Partikel angewiesen. . Im Teil IV der Arbeit wurden auf der Basis des zuvor vorgestellten Datensatzes und der hierfür entwickelten Verfahren (Algorithmen) weitere Auswertungen zu unterschiedlichen, für die Meteorologie interessanten Themengebieten, vorgestellt und ihre Ergebnisse charakterisiert. . In Kapitel 6.1 wurde mit Hilfe von Auswertegleichungen aus den in dieser Arbeit erstellten Messungen des Sieben-Sensor-Bilanzphotometers und den Messungen des Aerosolphotometers die Volumenabsorptionsrate solarer Strahlung der bodennahen Partikel und die daraus resultierende Erwärmungsrate der Luft berechnet. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit Literaturwerten anderer Messkampagnen verglichen. Insbesondere konnte ein interessantes Ergebnis von Hänel
During the measurement campaign FROST 2 (FReezing Of duST 2), the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS) was used to investigate the influences of various surface modifications on the immersion freezing behavior of Arizona Test Dust (ATD) particles. The dust particles were exposed to sulfuric acid vapor, to water vapor with and without the addition of ammonia gas, and heat using a thermodenuder operating at 250 °C. Size selected, quasi monodisperse particles with a mobility diameter of 300 nm were fed into LACIS and droplets grew on these particles such that each droplet contained a single particle. Temperature dependent frozen fractions of these droplets were determined in a temperature range between −40 °C ≤ T ≤ −28 °C. The pure ATD particles nucleated ice over a~broad temperature range with their freezing behavior being separated into two freezing branches characterized through different slopes in the frozen fraction vs. temperature curves. Coating the ATD particles with sulfuric acid resulted in the particles' IN potential significantly decreasing in the first freezing branch (T > −35 °C) and a slight increase in the second branch (T≤ −35 °C). The addition of water vapor after the sulfuric acid coating caused the disappearance of the first freezing branch and a strong reduction of the IN ability in the second freezing branch. The presence of ammonia gas during water vapor exposure had a negligible effect on the particles' IN ability compared to the effect of water vapor. Heating in the thermodenuder led to a decreased IN ability of the sulfuric acid coated particles for both branches but the additional heat did not or only slightly change the IN ability of the pure ATD and the water vapor exposed sulfuric acid coated particles. In other words, the combination of both sulfuric acid and water vapor being present is a main cause for the ice active surface features of the ATD particles being destroyed. A possible explanation could be the chemical transformation of ice active metal silicates to metal sulfates. From an atmospheric point of view, and here specifically the influences of atmospheric aging on the IN ability of dust particles, the strongly enhanced reaction between sulfuric acid and dust in the presence of water vapor, and the resulting significant reductions in IN potential, are certainly very interesting.
Explosive volcanism affects weather and climate. Primary volcanic ash particles which act as ice nuclei (IN) can modify the phase and properties of cold tropospheric clouds. During the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption we have measured the highest ice nucleus number concentrations (>600 L) in our record of 2 years of daily IN measurements in central Germany. Even in Israel, located about 5000 km away from Iceland, IN were as high as otherwise only during desert dust storms. These measurements are the only ones available on the properties of IN in the Eyjafjallajökull plume. The measured high concentrations and high activation temperature (−8 °C) point to an important impact of volcanic ash on microphysical and radiative properties of clouds through enhanced glaciation.
In the present work, three different techniques are used to separate ice-nucleating particles (INP) and ice particle residuals (IPR) from non-ice-active particles: the Ice Selective Inlet (ISI) and the Ice Counterflow Virtual Impactor (Ice-CVI), which sample ice particles from mixed phase clouds and allow for the analysis of the residuals, as well as the combination of the Fast Ice Nucleus Chamber (FINCH) and the Ice Nuclei Pumped Virtual Impactor (IN-PCVI), which provides ice-activating conditions to aerosol particles and extracts the activated ones for analysis. The collected particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis to determine their size, chemical composition and mixing state. Samples were taken during January/February 2013 at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch. All INP/IPR-separating techniques had considerable abundances (median 20–70%) of contamination artifacts (ISI: Si-O spheres, probably calibration aerosol; Ice-CVI: Al-O particles; FINCH + IN-PCVI: steel particles). Also, potential measurement artifacts (soluble material) occurred (median abundance < 20%). After removal of the contamination particles, silicates and Ca-rich particles, carbonaceous material and metal oxides were the major INP/IPR particle types separated by all three techniques. Minor types include soot and Pb-bearing particles. Sea-salt and sulfates were identified by all three methods as INP/IPR. Lead was identified in less than 10% of the INP/IPR. It was mainly present as an internal mixture with other particle types, but also external lead-rich particles were found. Most samples showed a maximum of the INP/IPR size distribution at 400 nm geometric diameter. In a few cases, a second super-micron maximum was identified. Soot/carbonaceous material and metal oxides were present mainly in the submicron range. ISI and FINCH yielded silicates and Ca-rich particles mainly with diameters above 1 μm, while the Ice-CVI also sampled many submicron particles. Probably owing to the different meteorological conditions, the INP/IPR composition was highly variable on a sample to sample basis. Thus, some part of the discrepancies between the different techniques may result from the (unavoidable) non-parallel sampling. The observed differences of the particles group abundances as well as the mixing state of INP/IPR point to the need of further studies to better understand the influence of the separating techniques on the INP/IPR chemical composition.
We have sampled atmospheric ice nuclei (IN) and aerosol in Germany and in Israel during spring 2010. IN were analyzed by the static vapor diffusion chamber FRIDGE, as well as by electron microscopy. During the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption of April 2010 we have measured the highest ice nucleus number concentrations (>600 l−1) in our record of 2 yr of daily IN measurements in central Germany. Even in Israel, located about 5000 km away from Iceland, IN were as high as otherwise only during desert dust storms. The fraction of aerosol activated as ice nuclei at −18 °C and 119% rhice and the corresponding area density of ice-active sites per aerosol surface were considerably higher than what we observed during an intense outbreak of Saharan dust over Europe in May 2008.
Pure volcanic ash accounts for at least 53–68% of the 239 individual ice nucleating particles that we collected in aerosol samples from the event and analyzed by electron microscopy. Volcanic ash samples that had been collected close to the eruption site were aerosolized in the laboratory and measured by FRIDGE. Our analysis confirms the relatively poor ice nucleating efficiency (at −18 °C and 119% ice-saturation) of such "fresh" volcanic ash, as it had recently been found by other workers. We find that both the fraction of the aerosol that is active as ice nuclei as well as the density of ice-active sites on the aerosol surface are three orders of magnitude larger in the samples collected from ambient air during the volcanic peaks than in the aerosolized samples from the ash collected close to the eruption site. From this we conclude that the ice-nucleating properties of volcanic ash may be altered substantially by aging and processing during long-range transport in the atmosphere, and that global volcanism deserves further attention as a potential source of atmospheric ice nuclei.
During January/February 2013, at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch a measurement campaign was carried out, which was centered on atmospheric ice-nucleating particles (INP) and ice particle residuals (IPR). Three different techniques for separation of INP and IPR from the non-ice-active particles are compared. The Ice Selective Inlet (ISI) and the Ice Counterflow Virtual Impactor (Ice-CVI) sample ice particles from mixed phase clouds and allow for the analysis of the residuals. The combination of the Fast Ice Nucleus Chamber (FINCH) and the Ice Nuclei Pumped Counterflow Virtual Impactor (IN-PCVI) provides ice-activating conditions to aerosol particles and extracts the activated INP for analysis.Collected particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis to determine size, chemical composition and mixing state. All INP/IPR-separating techniques had considerable abundances (median 20 – 70 %) of instrumental contamination artifacts (ISI: Si-O spheres, probably calibration aerosol; Ice-CVI: Al-O particles; FINCH+IN-PCVI: steel particles). Also, potential sampling artifacts (e.g., pure soluble material) occurred with a median abundance of < 20 %. While these could be explained as IPR by ice break-up, for INP their IN-ability pathway is less clear. After removal of the contamination artifacts, silicates and Ca-rich particles, carbonaceous material and metal oxides were the major INP/IPR particle types separated by all three techniques. Soot was a minor contributor. Lead was detected in less than 10 % of the particles, of which the majority were internal mixtures with other particle types. Sea-salt and sulfates were identified by all three methods as INP/IPR. Most samples showed a maximum of the INP/IPR size distribution at 400 nm geometric diameter. In a few cases, a second super-micron maximum was identified. Soot/carbonaceous material and metal oxides were present mainly in the submicron range. ISI and FINCH yielded silicates and Ca-rich particles mainly with diameters above 1 μm, while the Ice-CVI also separated many submicron IPR. As strictly parallel sampling could not be performed, a part of the discrepancies between the different techniques may result from variations in meteorological conditions and subsequent INP/IPR composition. The observed differences in the particle group abundances as well as in the mixing state of INP/IPR express the need for further studies to better understand the influence of the separating techniques on the INP/IPR chemical
composition.