Poetik und Rhetorik des Barbarischen = Poétique et rhétorique du barbare (Colloquium Helveticum ; 45.2016)
Refine
Year of publication
- 2016 (10)
Document Type
- Part of a Book (10)
Has Fulltext
- yes (10)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (10)
Keywords
- Barbar <Motiv> (8)
- Nationalsozialismus <Motiv> (2)
- Alf laila wa-laila (1)
- Also sprach Zarathustra (1)
- Auf den Marmorklippen (1)
- Aufklärung (1)
- Bachmann, Ingeborg (1)
- Baudelaire, Charles (1)
- Borges, Jorge Luis (1)
- Borges, Jorge-Luis (1)
Integrationskomik : "Odyssee" und "Wilhelm Tell" in C. F. Meyers Novelle "Der Schuss von der Kanzel"
(2016)
Für die Integrationskomik der Novelle ist das Zusammenspiel von Figuren- und Textebene ausschlaggebend. Die als fremd dargestellten, orientalisierten Figuren im Gefolge des Generals Wertmüller werden durch die Sprachkomik misslingender Kommunikation integriert (Hassan) oder aber zu imaginären Projektionen, die am realen Erscheinen der Figur vorbeigehen: Anstelle 'der Türkin' sind nur "orientalische Schemen" am Werk. Auch der General ist Gegenstand solcher Projektionen des Fremden, zugleich aber eine handlungsmächtige Mittlerfigur sowohl zwischen der sozialen Gemeinschaft von Mythikon und deren vorgestellten Fremden als auch zwischen der Figuren- und der Textebene der Integration. Über ihn läuft das Verfügbarwerden der Gründungserzählung in Mythikon; der antike Mythos, um den es dabei geht, wird speziell akzentuiert. Als Inbegriff der Reise, der Begegnung mit fremden Welten und der Heimkehr hat die 'Odyssee' einen Helden, der am Ende als Gast am eigenen Herd auftritt. So eine Gastfigur ist und bleibt auch Wertmüller, während Pfannenstiel heimisch wird. Am Ende nutzt die Erzählung die Attribute des Dunklen und Unheimlichen, mit denen die realistische Novellistik typischerweise fahrende Fremde markiert, um ihre integrative Schlüsselfigur dezidiert auszugrenzen.
Les études de la relation de Borges à Proust se divisent, pour l'instant, entre celles qui proposent une analyse des lectures et des influences (Craig et Marter) et celles qui font des deux auteurs les représentants de différents paradigmes poétologiques de la littérature moderne (Conley et Ventarola). A la croisée de ces deux approches se trouvent les questions de l'imitation de l'autre et de la lecture : dans quelle mesure leurs idées à ces sujets nous permettent-ils de comprendre le décalage des deux auteurs? En effet, la catégorie de l'ascèse et celle de la réception dessinent une image de l'auteur qui se trouve, chez Borges, à l'opposé de Proust. Tandis que le "moi" de Proust, moulé sur le moi empirique de sa propre personne, se présente comme le sujet d'une imitation créatrice, Borges s'éloigne de ce pilier porteur du texte pour proposer un "moi" fictif et métaphysique au lecteur ; un moi qui se multiplie selon les principes de la fiction et selon le pluralisme de la réception. Le fait que Borges ne paraît pas "avoir lu" Proust est un résultat de cette nouvelle perspective que Borges ouvre sur l'imitation et sur la lecture. En vue de celle-ci, l'oeuvre de Proust n’est plus une référence très utile pour les fictions d'un auteur qui, tourné vers la fonction du lecteur potentiel, efface sa propre identité empirique.
"Wie der Geist zum Kamele ward" : Zu einem Leitmotiv in Jonas Lüschers 'Frühling der Barbaren'
(2016)
This paper deals with the semantics of 'barbarism' in Jonas Lüscher's novella "Frühling der Barbaren" (2013). It aims to show that the text incorporates the concept of 'barbarism' into what Lüscher himself calls a "narratology of social complexity": a narrative mode that enables literary texts to serve as platforms for the reflection of moral problems. Lüscher achieves this by referring to specific intertexts by Friedrich Nietzsche and Ingeborg Bachmann while subtly modifying and distorting them. In doing so, "Frühling der Barbaren" acquires a diagnostic and genuinely critical quality: with this sleight of hand, which could be considered a prime example of 'barbarian theorizing' (Walter Mignolo, Maria Boletsi), the novella evokes existing narratives only to recode them into a sardonic critique of global capitalism.
A closer look at the literary works, essays, letters and diaries of important German exile writers and anti-Nazi dissidents during National Socialism leads to an important observation: that is the increase of references to classical topoi of the Barbarian. Since at least 1933 and the traumatic Nazi book burnings, in German (exile) literature does not only occur a political actualization but also an emphatical radicalization of the reactivated dichotomies of 'civilization/culture' vs. 'the Barbarian' and sometimes more specific of 'the Hellenes' vs. 'the Persians'. Even though numerous literary texts display these dichotomies, in literary criticism a systematic analysis of their semantic implications and their function is still lacking. This study thus aims to present a first overview and interpretation of this noticeable actualization of the above mentioned topoi in German exile literature, particularly in the works of Klaus Mann.
Le poète, philosophe et helléniste Vjačeslav Ivanov (1866-1949) est considéré comme l'un des représentants les plus importants du symbolisme russe et comme une des grandes figures intellectuelles et artistiques de la Russie du début du xxe siècle. Il a été influencé aussi bien par les idées de Nietzsche que par celles des slavophiles. C'est en combinant ces deux traditions qu'il forme sa conception du dionysien. Cette dernière fait partie intégrante de son concept de "'idée russe" et joue un rôle important dans la mise en place de sa doctrine de la sobornost'. Chez Ivanov, le dionysien trouve sa réalisation dans les Scythes. Cette identification reprend la conception classique des "Scythes comme barbares russes", mais assume également l’idée nietzschéenne du dionysien comme moment barbare. On a donc affaire à une réinterprétation créative du Dionysos nietzschéen dans l'esprit de la renaissance slave. Sur la base de trois oeuvres d'Ivanov datant de périodes différentes, l'article met en évidence comment Ivanov construit la figure du Scythe et les raisons pour lesquelles son symbolisme prend la forme d'un discours de la totalité aux ambiguïtés parfois proches du totalitarisme.
The barbarian is a construct of the Other which can be distinguished from the "savage" through a certain degree of social organization and from the monstrous through its more realistic-historic outlook. Still, these categories are fuzzy and fantastic fiction – understood in a broad sense – makes new use of the barbarian people motif in a manner which makes the ideological undertones more visible despite an increased freedom from historical references. The " mob" (das Gesindel) getting out of the forests to devastate the civilized order, in 'Auf den Marmorklippen', embodies abjection in its clearest form, a violent return of the dark violent repressed. On the contrary, in the cycle of 'Dune, the Fremens' are 'barbarian' only in the eyes of the corrupt totalitarian elite of the Imperium. Despite their rough way of life, they represent a cultural order much closer to ecological harmony, which constitutes a major theme in Frank Herbert's saga. Borges' perspective, in 'The Story of the Warrior and the Female Prisoner', is not so much ethical/political as it is philosophical : the mutual fascination between the 'civilized' and the 'barbarians' is tantamount to magnetic opposites, border-crossing and meaningful otherness. These three visions of the 'barbarian' can be distinguished not only through their ideological underpinnings, but also through their narrative techniques.
When Gorki wrote his play "The Barbarians" (1906), he probably did not intend to raise such an intricate problem as the relationship between the barbarian, the savage and the civilized. Neither did he envisage talking about this triadic relation in reference to its political, historical and philosophical meaning. He proceeded as a writer and managed to construct a peculiar literary figure of the "barbarian" in its multiple aspects, and as related to other figures, such as the savage, in the first place. In this paper I argue that Gorki's intrinsically literary venture consisted in trying to make collide two categories that never normally enter in a dual relationship, but are always mediated by the category of the "civilized". The objective of this paper is to examine the consequences of this forced dualism, which without imposing any idea of civilization, however, ends up by setting it as a problem for further meditation and, without giving any solution, invites the reader to pursue his reflection.
For Baudelaire, the barbarian is a figure of predilection. At first, it is a literary character that he got acquainted with through the works of Chateaubriand and E. A. Poe. The barbarian is linked to poetry as well; he brings to mind the condition of the exiled, the solitary figure far away from his homeland (such as in Delacroix's Ovid among the Scythians). But, most of all, the barbarian gives the opportunity to Baudelaire to refine his idea of Beauty: at the 1855 Universal Exhibition, he confronts himself for the first time to Chinese art – labelled "barbarian art" back then. Far from agreeing with this description, Baudelaire refutes it and forces himself to shift his critical perspective: his challenge will be to adapt himself, accommodate his taste and become "as barbarian" as the works he beholds in order to appreciate one of these "specimen of universal beauty". This reflexion shall continue in his essay, 'The Painter of Modern Life' (1863), in which he describes Constantin Guys' way of drawing as being moved by an "inevitable barbarousness". In this article, our aim will be to trace the evolution of Baudelaire's conception and different uses of the term "barbarian" through his aesthetical, poetical and literary writings.
The notion of the barbarian has been crucial in the development of the intellectual shifts spurred on by thinkers who shaped the culture of the Enlightenment. Asking what a barbarian might be had quite different meanings in the early 16th and in the late 18th century. An anthropological approach to the very different populations that had come to be known in Europe since the 16th century as well as the secularization of the historical vision contributed to the emergence of a more objectified connotation of barbarism. Among others, Montaigne, Montesquieu, Gibbon, Voltaire, d’Holbach commented extensively on barbarism as characterizing different stages in human civilization. Volney (Constantin-François de Chassebeuf, 1757-1820), who travelled to Egypt and Syria in the early 1780s, was familiar with the French works of the Enlightenment and applied their concepts of barbarism to the observation of the different Muslim populations he encountered. Later, after experiencing the turmoil of the French Revolution, he became interested in the United States. During his stay in America from 1795 to 1798, he investigated the American Indians who represented a different form of barbarism. Volney stands out as a thinker who knew the classics of the Enlightenment and who creatively compared theoretical speculations with his first-hand empirical observations.
The article examines the role of the "natural law of nations" in Vico's philosophy of culture. The focal point of this inquiry is the notion of 'barbarism' in the New Science. While Vico's influential conception of the 'barbarism of reflection' has attracted a lot of attention, the multiplicity of tropes of barbarism in the New Science has not been sufficiently recognized. The article argues that while Vico takes civil law, the Roman ius gentium, as a model for his conception of culture, the trope of the warring barbarian figures prominently in key moments of his philosophy of history (e. g. in transitional moments between two historical ages) when issues of modern international law (asylum, declaration of war, piracy) are at stake.
