390 Bräuche, Etikette, Folklore
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(2004)
This study aims primarily at exploring the images of Swahili women as depicted in taarab songs in Zanzibar and factors that shape these images at different epochs or points in time. The corpus used in this study was collected in Zanzibar from Sep- tember to November 1999. A secondary concern of the present study is to highlight the history of taarab songs in Zanzibar and to identify the relationship between this art of songs and the Egyptian song. The study has adopted a holistic approach with more concentration on sung lyrics. The analysis is des- criptive and utilizes perspectives of literary theories of orature as well as insights from gender, cultural, structural and functional theories. The present study argues that Swahili taarab songs belong to the realm of oral literature, though in this case not in the sense of “classical oral literature”which excludes the notion of literacy. In taarab, the songs combine together features of both oral and written literature. They reflect comprehensively the Swahili culture and are thus con- sidered by the Swahili themselves as an indigenous genre of music despite its Arabian and other foreign roots. The study highlights the cultural milieu of taarab songs in Zanzibar and explores metaphors, symbols referring to women, and the sources of imagery used in these songs. Taarab songs have stylistically developed through their history. The study identifies two categories of classical taarab songs each of which has its own distinctive characteristics. The first category concerns those songs sung for the first time before 1945, and the second one those sung afterwards. Taarab lyrics have distinctive features, which they have acquired over time through efforts of the Swahili creative artists. They adhere
strictly to the conditions and conventions of Swahili traditio nal poetic structure. The lyrics have enriched the Swahili language with a lot of expressions, which came in use firstly through taarab lyrics. The various facets of the taarab com- plex, including prominent features of taarab performance- and the salient linguistic aspects of taarab lyrics, have also
been discussed.
During the past decade, processes associated with what is popularly though perhaps misleadingly known as globalization have come within the purview of anthropology. Migration and mobility ‐ and the footloose or even rootless social groups that they produce ‐ as well as the worldwide diffusion of commodities, media images, political ideas and practices, technologies and scientific knowledge today are on anthropology's research agenda. As a consequence, received notions about the ways in which culture relates to territory have been abandoned. The term transnationalisation captures cultural processes that stream across the borders of nation states. Anthropologists have been forced to revise the notion that transnationalisation would inevitably bring about a culturally homogenized world. Instead, we are witnessing a surge of greatly increasing cultural diversity. New cultural forms grow out of historically situated articulations of the local and the global. Rather than left-over relics from traditional orders, these are decidedly modern, yet far from uniform. The essay engages the idea of the pluralization of modernities, explores its potential for interdisciplinary research agendas, and also inquires into problematic assumptions underlying this new theoretical concept.
Even though tourism has been recognised as an important field for transnational research today, there are few attempts to place tourism in the context of transnational theories or to think about transnationalism from the perspective of tourists. I argue that in researching tourist practices one can add important aspects to transnational approaches. The prerequisites of mobility and interaction for example are the features chosen by backpackers to describe what their Round-The-World-Trip is about. A form of tourism is adopted, or created, that itself confronts many aspects of globalisation: First of all there is the immense dynamic that is involved. Backpackers try to cover as many places and experiences as possible, travelling at high speed. They adopt all kinds of touristic experiences ranging from beach to adventure to culture tourism. They don't focus on a specific area or country but travel the world. They cross national borders perpetually. Additionally they form a transnational network in which they interact with strangers of similar backgrounds (other backpackers, tourist professionals). This network helps them interacting with people from different backgrounds (the socalled hosts or locals). Considering my research Backpackers forge a certain identity from these transnational practices which I want to name globedentity. Globedentity expresses a type of identity construction that not only refers to the individual (I) but reflects the world (globe) in this identity. This globedentity is not fixed but is perpetually re-created and re-defined. It also embraces the increasing popular awareness of globalisation which backpackers, coming from highly educated middle class backgrounds, in particular have identified with. Due to the constant awareness of the latest global social, cultural and economic developments in these educated milieus they know exactly which tools to use to become successful parts of their societies.
"Ein Bild sagt mehr als tausend Worte" lautet eine geflügelte Redewendung im Deutschen. Ob dies auch für die ethnografische Illustration der vor-wissenschaftlichen Zeit gilt, wird im Folgenden zu klären sein. Die vorliegende Arbeit "Verflochtene Ansichten" hat es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, Inhalt, Form und Bedeutung ethnografischer Bilddokumente über Amerika vor 1780 darzulegen sowie ihren Beitrag für die Wissenschaft "Ethnologie" und ihre Illustrationspraxis festzustellen. Wenn im Folgenden die Rolle und Funktion von Bilddokumenten untersucht wird, geschieht dies in Wechselbeziehung mit Schrift- und Objektquellen. Es geht um das Verhältnis von Bild, Text und Gegenstand als drei unterschiedlichen Quellen historisch-ethnografischer Erkenntnis, wobei für die vorliegende Studie zwei Fragen von zentraler Bedeutung sind: Was ist einem Bild zu entnehmen, das nicht bereits von Zeugnissen verbaler Art bekannt ist? Was vermag ein Bild zu vermitteln, das nicht schon in Form von Realien bzw. Ethnografica überliefert ist? Zwei Fragen, die schlicht und banal klingen, doch deren Beantwortung für das hier zu untersuchende Bildmaterial nicht unproblematisch ist.