450 Italienisch, Rumänisch, Rätoromanisch
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In diesem Beitrag werden anhand eines Korpus von Paralleltexten deutscher und italienischer Reiseführer jeweils kulturspezifische stilistische Aspekte dieser Textsorte dargestellt. Reiseführer können beschrieben werden als heterogene, weitgehend gering standardisierte Großtextsorte, die aus vier Subtextsorten besteht (Orientierungstexte, Ratgebertexte, Besichtigungstexte, Hintergrundtexte) und gleichzeitig mehrere Funktionen erfüllt (informieren, werben, bewerten, instruieren usw.) (Fandrych/Thurmair 2011). Der kulturellen Vermittlung des Reiseziels kommt dabei traditionell eine wichtige Rolle zu, wobei die Darstellung und Konstruktion des Reiseziels gewöhnlich nicht allein durch sprachliche Mittel erfolgt, sondern auch mittels Bilder, die kognitiv schneller und wirkungsstärker rezipiert werden (Stöckl 2011). Die im Reiseführer enthaltene Auswahl von Informationen und die Art der Darstellung (das 'was' und 'wie' im Sinne von Fix/Poethe/Yos 2003) folgt dabei kulturspezifischen Diskurstraditionen. Der Beitrag basiert auf einem funktional-pragmatischen Ansatz, der es erlaubt, die Text-Bild-Relation in die textstilistische Analyse einzubeziehen.
Timișoara is considered the informal capital city of the historical region of Banat. It is the main social, economic and cultural centre in the western part of Romania. During the Industrial Revolution, numerous modern innovations were introduced. It was the first city with street lighting, and the first city in mainland Europe illuminated by electric light. The present investigation is a contribution to the problem of the Romanian technical vocabulary, which took along the time some German words with. A special emphasis is placed on the technical and scientific applications. During my study of the technical language and its terminology I became aware of Termini German origin. Many questions were raised and the interest to find answers grew. Thus came the impulse to bring together the words of German origin, set up a glossary and to analyze them in detail.
This study offers in its first part a brief description of the text genre, analysing the specific lexical and formal features as well as the specific text composition means. As wedding announcements haven’t been examined from a contrastive (German/Romanian)/intercultural point of view yet, it is relevant to mention some research directions and methods.
The present study intends to analyze the literary personality of the German-language writer and translator Alfred Margul-Sperber and his approach to Romanian folk poetry and Romanian folk ballads. Alfred Margul-Sperber is known as a classical German-language poet from Romania, as a discoverer and supporter of literary talent, but also as a brilliant translator. Impressions from his childhood and life experiences contributed to Alfred MargulSperber’s interest for Romanian poets and especially for Romanian folk poetry, which left its own mark on Sperber’s literary creation. The author was fascinated by its plurality of forms, its richness of rhymes, images and sounds. The masterpiece of Romanian folk poetry, “Mioriţa/The little Ewe”-ballad raised the interest of the multilingual translator who proved his outstanding talent by translating the original text into German as accurately as possible and remarkably close to the spirit of the Romanian folk poetry, thus popularizing it among the German readers at home and abroad.
This paper explores the context and reasons for the extensive translation of legal texts from German into Romanian in Bukovina during the Habsburg period (1775–1918) and immediately following the unification with the Romanian Kingdom. The Austrian civil code from 1811 was translated in the three important periods of translation, corresponding to the major administrative changes in the province. The paper analyses the different translations and their impact on the Romanian legislation, legal terminology and juridical style.
The study deals with two texts from the year 1654 that belong to the administrative and judicial documents of The Romanian National Archives in Sibiu. The translation of these documents into Romanian is very important from a historical and linguistic point of view as it reveals to the Romanian reader major aspects regarding the history of Transylvania and the evolution of the German language in this area in the 17th century. The translational analysis goes from Antoine Berman’s ethnocentric vs. ethical theory to Julianne House’s theory of the „overt translation”, process in which the translator decides on a combination of elements from both theories.
The subject of the present study represents the artistic personality of the German writer Mite Kremnitz (1852-1916), which takes into consideration both facets of her work, as a translator and as a novelist. On the one hand and as an author in her own right, Mite Kremnitz is the carrier of Romanian realities; on the other hand she has the merit of having been the first one to translate contemporary literature from Romanian into German.
In diesem Beitrag wird korpusbasiert, qualitativ und aus kontrastiver Sicht anhand ausgewählter Einzelbeispiele untersucht, welchen Beitrag die Frame-Semantik bei der Analyse konzeptueller Metaphern im aktuellen Migrationsdiskurs in der deutschen und italienischen Presse leisten kann. Sie macht es möglich, unterschiedliche Perspektivierungen bei der Betrachtung des Phänomens herauszukristallisieren, da semantische Frames ein facettenreiches Angebot für den Blickwinkel der Betrachtung bereitstellen. Auch Metaphern selbst besitzen diese Eigenschaft der Perspektivierung, vor allem auch solche, die charakteristisch für einen kulturspezifischen Kontext stehen. Zu den Möglichkeiten, die der Einsatz von Metaphern bietet, zählt vor allem der "Highlighting und Hiding"-Effekt (LAKOFF/JOHNSON 1980), indem Metaphern bestimmte Aspekte betonen oder verdunkeln. Um welche es sich dabei im Einzelnen handelt, hängt von mehreren Faktoren ab, wie zum Beispiel der politischen Orientierung von Journalisten oder Politikern oder der wirtschaftlichen Lage eines Landes.
Life in Saxon and Romanian neighbourly communities in the common homeland of Transylvania is reflected in the vocabulary of the Transylvanian-Saxon vernaculars. This lingual contact results in “collective bilingualism”, a term used in the respective specialist literature. This contribution aims at the analysis of the loan verbs from a semantic viewpoint, at their classification according to their phonetic levelling to the vernacular phonetic system and at giving recapitulatory comments concerning the loan words’ integration process. The case examples are taken from the Transylvanian-Saxon Dictionary, from the North-Transylvanian-Saxon Dictonary and other specialist literature.
The present paper accumulates information and studies the etymology of the Romanian ethnonym “Aleman” and its versions, beginning from their geographical spread throughout Romania and Germany. The Romanian surnames “Aleman” and “Aloman” (highest prevalence in the area of Transylvania, in the Sibiu and Alba counties), as well as “Aliman”, “Alimănescu”, “Alaman” and “Alman” (highest prevalence in the areas of Muntenia, Oltenia and Dobrogea) do not come from the French term “allman” as their German equivalents “Allman”, “Allmang”, “Lallemand” do, which are concentrated in the Western Germany (in the Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate German federal districts), due to the fact that there are no correspondents to the surnames of the Transylvanian Saxons. Therefore, the origin of these Romanian surnames is more likely to relate to the Turkish term “aleman” (see Iordan, 1983, p. 25 and 23), which also refers to the Germanic tribe of alamans or alemans, having the same meaning of “German”. The geographical proliferation of the “Aleman” and “Aliman” versions of the term is specific to the East to West population migration phenomena. These versions are the only ones existent in today’s Germany. Thus the “Aleman” and “Aliman” surnames are to be found in strongly industrialized centers such as Munich, Stuttgart, Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Wiesbaden, Bielefeld, Hamburg and not in the area of the German-French frontier (see following map).
This paper deals with German 'wobei'-clauses and their Italian counterparts. Based on a corpus study of administrative texts, we identify the type and frequency of the Italian constructions that correspond to 'wobei'-clauses. In particular, we will assess to what extent the Italian converb construction gerundio correlates with 'wobei'-clauses. More specifically, we will focus on the thesis put forward by Haspelmath (1995) and Breindl (2014), according to which comitativity is expressed by converb constructions when it applies to state of affairs.
The author, attracted to the Romanian poetry written during the inter-war period, tried to translate into German some of the poems wirtten by Ion Pillat and Ion Barbu. From this pursuit he could learn a lot, not only thanks to his inclination towards the original text, by interpreting it from a semantic point of view, but also by searching the lexical equivalents established in the target-language. In the magazine, there are introduced poets that belong to the younger generation and so, he managed to approach their licirical creations more as a translator, especially those written by Nichita Stănescu and Ioan Alexandru. At the same time, the author narrates some of his experiences regarding the folklore poetry, his steps concerning the translation of the ballads written originally by Transylvanian Saxons in the literary German. Moreover, he does not fail to outline the realization of a short edition from the piece of work, created in Latin by the Transylvanian humanist Christian Schesäus, the poem Istoria Anei Kendi, translated with the help of a few contributors in Romanian, Hungarian and German.
Intermarriages in Transylvania are a topic that is still to little scientifically explored. Saxons and Romanians in Transylvania each married in their own circles in accordance with the times they lived.The Second World War, the establishment of communism, deportation and nationalization have changed relations between the Transylvanian Saxons and Romanians. The number of mixed marriages has begun to grow and cultural proximity has become real. Life in Communism has become a collective destiny. At the base of this study are 25 questionnaires filled in by people coming from mixed marriages. The following aspects were analyzed: the name and identity attributed thereto, spoken languages, confession, family life, identity positioning.
The family name Fleşer and its viariations come from the German family name and from the common noun with the same form Fleischer (Rom. „măcelar” – butcher) which is prevalent in East and Northeast of Germany today, and which in its turn appeard as the aftermath of a contraction of the compound noun Fleischhauer (Lat. macellator), initially spread in the centre and North of Germany.
The monophthongal noun Fleşer and its variant forms Fleşeru, Fleşeriu, Fleşieru and Fleşariu, formed with the suffix of German origin determining the agent -er (< lat. -arius) or with that/those of Romanian origin -ar(iu), (< lat. -arius) are concentrated mainly in Transilvania today, especially in the neighbouring counties of Alba and Sibiu.
Hence, the family name Fleşer and its variations turn out to be compelling examples of the linguistic interculturality between German and Romanian in Transilvania and in Romania, in this case demonstrated in terms of onomastic.
The aim of the present paper is to analyse the trilingual Transylvanian toponyms (German, Hungarian an d Romanian) from the Terra ante Silvanum (The Realm Beneath the Forest) and to reconstruct and explain them. When the Saxons arrived in Transylvania, in the 12th Century, they met Szekler, Hungarian and Romanian ethnic groups. The Realm Beneath the Forest represents, from a historical point of view, the Western border of the Transylvanian territory inhabited by the Saxons, which was not a compact area and which was divided into three districts (Sibiu, Brașov, and Bistrița) and two ‘seats’ (Mediaș and Șeica). The Realm Beneath the Forest included three ‘seats’ (Lat. sedes, judicial and administrative forums): Orăștie, Sebeș and Miercurea Sibiului. All the areas of the Realm Beneath the Forest, both those inhabited by German and/or Hungarian and Romanian populations and those inhabited only by Romanian people, have corresponding toponyms in all three languages. The toponyms Orăștie, Romos, Aurel Vlaicu, Pianul de Jos, Petrești, Sebeș, Câlnic, Reciu, Gârbova, Dobârca, Miercurea Sibiului, Apoldu de Sus, Amnaș that are analysed in the paper can be classified according to the following criteria: according to their founder, to the river that flows through the area, to the local toponyms, to their origin and their way of formation. A series of toponyms contributed to the apparition of some autochthonous family names such as Broser, Hamlescher, Kellinger, Mühlbächer, Polder, Rätscher, Urbiger.
This study analyses the role of the Romanian language in Christian Hallers novel Die verschluckte Musik (2008). The Romanian words are linked to the content and symbolical context, and also to intimacy or strangeness. Single words and expressions are connected to memories and rituals. For the family residing in Bucharest they are everyday elements. By migration they become cultural artefacts, are included in family stories. In the new home country Switzerland, the Romanian language is an element of intimacy. The language is also a method of exclusion and dissociation. Ruth, the first-person narratorʼs mother, is excluded in Bucharest until she learns the national language. In the Swiss environment the already familiar Romanian language is for Ruth a method of dissociation. For the first-person narrator, the few Romanian words are details connected to gastronomic culture which distinguish him from the Swiss environment. While travelling through Bucharest, the Romanian language becomes a method of exclusion, it is connected to an area that was not attainable for a long period. His journey updates the language for him.
An essential factor for the naming practice lies in the language(s) spoken by that certain family. In the nowadays very common multilingual families in Transylvania, the so called ‚mixed marriages’, the linguistic contact also becomes manifest in the field of onomatology. Out of the vast subject matter, four aspects will be approached: the decline of the tradition of naming a child after a parent; naming practices following ethnic reasons in order to denote a certain identity; naming preferences for international names in mixed families; the increasing diversification and inter-culturality of name-giving due to globalization and the impact of social media. Concrete examples – based on bap tis mal registers of the local Lutheran Church – illustrate the monitored trends.
The Black Church, the largest sacral building in Transylvania, has been given a central role in the local identity narratives. As a historical place of remembrance, it mediates and mobilizes elements of historical knowledge, and at the same time constructs a myth.The article examines how the Black Church in Brasov, one of the most important symbols of the Transylvanian Saxons, is poetically constructed as a place of cultural memory in the German, Romanian and Hungarian poems of the interwar period, how the concrete place is reinterpreted as a space for creating identity, while the ethnic dimension should not be ignored. It examines the question of what symbolic value it has for the German, Romanian and Hungarian populations and how this can be seen from the lyrical texts of the time.
Herta Müller’s leaning towards word for word transfer of Romanian set phrases in her texts can be explained by the environment in which she lived until her emigration to West Germany and this admittedly intensifies with the gradually increasing general interest in multi-lingualism. The fact that the authoress speaks of the German-Romanian transfer in her acceptance speech on the occasion of the Nobel Prize award proves the important role, which Hertha Müller ascribes to this procedure. Also at the centre of the latest books by Balthasar Waitz stands the multicultural region of the Banat. The author seems to be gripped by the plurilingualism of the immediate surroundings of his homeland. Different forms of Romanian, from slang to everyday speech, but occasionally also Hungarian, Slovak and Serbian phrases find their way into the texts of the Banat author. In this manner just as with Hertha Müller, language images come into being, new light. Thus literary multilingualism in both writers enables one to have a novel access to the relation between literature and reality.
We aim to understand whether Greek and Italian, two null subject languages, differ in the use and interpretation of null subjects, based on evidence from both a production and a comprehension experiment. The results of the two experiments show that the two languages differ in the extent to which they comply with the Position of Antecedent Strategy as formulated by Carminati (2002). In order to account for this difference, we introduce a principle which defines prominence of sentence constituents in terms of hierarchical height, elaborating on a recent proposal by Rizzi (2018). Then we show that the prominence of subject and object constituents in Greek and Italian reflects word-order differences between the two languages (Roussou & Tsimpli 2006). In more general terms, this paper argues in favour of a multi-factorial approach to reference interpretation, in that syntactic factors interact with discourse factors, leading to a gradient variety of reference possibilities.