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A brief account of the present state of weevil taxonomy is followed by a detailed study of certain structures used in their classification, namely the venter, abdominal tergites, sternite 8 of the male, apex of the hind tibia and deciduous mandibular processes. A key to some 50 families and subfamilies of Curculionoidea is followed by a list of family-group taxa. The following changes are made: Brachyceridae, Erirhinidae. Cryptolnryngidae und Raymondionymidae are promoted to family rank from Curculiollidne; Antliarhininae is demoted to a subfamily of Brentidae, and Allocoryninae to a subfamily of Oxycorynidne; Coptonotini is demoted to a tribe of Curculionidue Scolytinae; Carinae, sufam. n. is erected for Car Blackburn (genus incertae sedis) in Belidae; Dinomor'phini is demoted to a tribe of Molytinae and Brachyccropsidinae is revived from synonymy with Dinomorphinae (Curclliionidae); Urachyderini, Eremnini, Otiorhynchini and Sitonini are demoted to tribes of Entiminue; Desmidophorinae is transferred from Brentidae to Brachyccridae, Ocladiini is promoted to a tribe of Desmidophorinae (from Curculionidae-Cryptorhynchinae); Campyloseelini (including Phaenomerina) is transferred from Rhynchophoridae to Curculionidae-Zygopinae; Carphodicticinae is promoted to subfamily rank and transferred from Curculionidae-Scolytinae to Platypodidae; Perieges; Schönherr is transferred from Curculionidae-Thecesterninae to Cryptoiaryngidae and Agriochaeta Pascoe from Cryptorhynchinae to Hyperinae (Curculionidae); Schadlarius Wood and Mecopelmus Blackman are transferred from Coptonotidae to Platypodidae.
The world-wide damage caused by the larvae of various lamellicorn beetles to sugar-cane, cassava, pasture land, root crops, and miscellaneous economic trees and plants, has engaged the undivided attention of many scientists during the last thirty years or more. The "White Grub" question in America, the notorious Cockchafer or "May Bug" in Europe, and the formidable "Grub Pest" of Australian cane-fields, constitute exceedingly complex problems which have for many years defied the efforts of entomologists, and at the present time, although partially solved, cock chafer beetles still continue to be responsible for tremendous financial losses. I t is interesting to note that the destructive species in each of these three examples are classed amongst the Melolonthinae, most of the grubs of which subfamily, in addition to their habit of ingesting soil and extracting from it organic matter, also devour living roots and the growing vegetable tissue of harder underground portions of plants. While the· majority of Queensland cane-beetles (including our most destructive) belong to the M elolonthinae; the subfamily Rutelinae. is also represented in our cane-fields by two species, both of which, however, happen to be of minor importance. In the present article it is my intention to deal with six of our northern scarabaeid beetles, all of which are common at times under cane-stools, and inflict damage of a more or less serious nature to the setts, roots, and subterranean basal portions of growing cane-sticks.
Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Euphausiden : II. Von der Gastrula bis zum Furciliastadium
(1915)
A recently completed field survey of springs throughout the Great Basin yielded collections of hydrobiid snails from more than 500 sites, and revealed a wealth of undescribed diversity of these small gastropods. In this, the first or a two-part taxonomic series treating this material, 58 new species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886, are described; and new records are provided for 10 previously described members of this genus. Assignment of these novelties to Pyrgulopsis is done with the acknowledgement that this large genus, as currently constituted, is probably not monophyletic, but a more refined classiffcation of these snails reflecting evolutionary relationships must await preparation of a phylogenetic analysis, which is beyond the scope of this work. Pyrgulopsis occur in a variety of spring-fed water bodies in the Great Basin, including brackish and/or thermal habitats. Although a few species are widespread in the region, local endemism is prevalent lind 22 of the new species are known only from single localities. Several areas contain concentrations of locally endemic snails which may represent species flocks, notably Duckwater Valley (seven species) and southern Steptoe Valley (five species). This fauna is hugely distributed in an allopatric fashion, although a few springs harbor two or three species. Most of the springs inhabited by hydlrobiids in the region are small, fishless, and have been ignored by state and federal land management agencies. However, many of these sites are degraded by livestock grazing, water withdrawal, anti other activities and will require protection in order to conserve snails and other native aquatic biota. Two of the novellies described herein have become extinct during the past two decades.
This second and final part of a taxonomic treatment of hydrobiid snails of the Great Basin region in the western United States (based principally on material collected during a recently completed field survey) focuses on fauna other than the genus Pyrgulopsis. A new genus of small amnieoline snails, Colligyrlls, is proposed for Hydroia greggi Pilsbry, 1935, together with a new species from the Harney Lake basin of Oregon. This group is strongly differentiated from other amnicolines by a unique female genitalic groundplan. New records are provided for three species of Fluminicola, and two new congeners are described from the northwest Great Basin, both of which had previously been confused with F. turbiniformis (Tryon, 1865). A new genus of cochliopine snails, Eremopyrgus, is erected for a new species from Steptoe Valley, Nevada. Eremopyrgus is distinguished from other cochliopines by unique aspects of its glandular penial lobes and other genitalic features. New records are provided for two species of Tyronia, and a new congener is described from thermal springs in central Nevada. Several new records of Pristincola hemphilli (Pilsbry, 1890) from the extreme northwest Great Basin are provided
La collection du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle de Paris comprend un exemplaire du groupe des Calliphorinae, qui se rapprochait des genres que nous avons étudiés, sans s'y rapporter cependant. L'exemplaire mâle de la collection du Muséum avait été recueilli par E. HAUG dans le Bas-Ogooué, entre Lambaréné et la mer, en I9or. D'après les indications qui nous avaient été données, nous pensions que l'insecte décrit sous le nom de Cordylobia Rodhaini GEDOELST, et dont on ne connaissait que les femelles, devait se rapporter à ce genre; grâce à l'amabilité du Profr. GEDOELST, nous avons pu obtenir communication du type et, comme nous le supposions, Cordylobia Rodhaini fem. se rapporte à notre nouveau genre Stasisia.
Hémiptères-Réduviides
(1931)
The present catalogue is an attempt to bring together the genera and species of Trematoda currently known to parasitize Chiroptera Blumenbach, 1774, throughout their world distribution, as published in various journals. Since many of these are difficult to obtain for consultation, it is hoped that this catalogue may be of some utility in facilitating the work of helminthologists working with trematodes from bats.
Die 4. Fassung der Roten Liste der Brutvögel Deutschlands wurde durch das "Nationale Gremium Rote Liste Vögel" erarbeitet, in dem die wissenschaftlichen Institutionen der Ornithologie und Avifaunistik in Deutschland vertreten sind. Die Rote Liste ersetzt die 3. Fassung aus dem Jahr 2002 (BAUER et al. 2002); sie wurde erstmalig nach dem für alle Tier- und Pflanzenartengruppen sowie den Pilzen in Deutschland entwickelten Kriterienschema (5. LUDWIG et al. 2007) erarbeitet. Somit wird ein direkter Vergleich der Gefährdungssituation zwischen diesen Gruppen ermöglicht. Bestandsgröße, kurzfristiger (25 Jahre) und langfristiger (50-150 Jahre) Bestandstrend sind die wichtigsten Parameter zur Gefahrdungseinstufung der einzelnen Arten. Zusätzlich wurde jeweils die Wirksamkeit von Risikofaktoren artspezifisch identifiziert und berücksichtigt. Alle Einstufungen werden transparent vorgenommen und in der Anhangsliste publiziert. Der Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten (DDA) hat zur Erstellung der Datengrundlagen mit Stand 2005 für die Gefahrdungseinstufung ein neues Abfrageschema entwickelt, in dem die relevanten Informationen aus den nationalen Vogelmonitoring-Programmen aufgearbeitet und als Hintergrunddaten für die Einschätzungen von Bestandstrend und -größe auf Landesebene bereitgestellt wurden. Dadurch gewinnen die Einstufungen an Verlässlichkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit. Der langfristige Trend wurde vom "Nationalen Gremium Rote Liste Vogel" ermittelt. Vor der Einstufung der Brutvogelarten wurde je Art eine Statuszuordnung vorgenommen, von denen nur die regelmäßig brütenden einheimischen Arten den weiteren Weg der Rote Liste-Erstellung durchlaufen. In der Roten Liste 2007 werden insgesamt 260 regelmäßige einheimische Brutvogelarten in Deutschland berücksichtigt, 25 weitere Arten brüteten nur unregelmäßig ('vermehrungsgäste': Status II), zudem wurden 29 Neozoen-Arten ermittelt (Status III), von denen 20 regelmäßig brüten. Dies ergibt zusammen 314 Arten, die höchste Zahl an Brutvogelarten, die je für eine Rote Liste zu Grunde gelegt wurde. Insgesamt befinden sich 110 regelmäßige Brutvogelarten in den Kategorien der Roten Liste 2007 (0 = ausgestorben, 1 = vom Aussterben bedroht, 2 :: stark gefährdet, 3 :: gefährdet und R = extrem selten), das entspricht 42,3 % der Arten, was einer minimal geringeren Gefahrdungsquote gegenüber der Vorgängerliste entspricht. Erfreulich ist, dass mit dem Bruchwasserläufer und dem Steinrötel zwei ehemals in Deutschland ausgestorbene Arten zwischen 2000 und 2005 wieder regelmäßig gebrütet haben. Dem entgegen ist mit der Blauracke eine weitere Art ausgestorben. Schwarzstorch, Wanderfalke, Seeadler und Uhu sind hier erstmals seit der ersten deutschen Roten Liste 1971 nicht mehr aufgeführt - ein Erfolg jahrzehntelanger direkter Schutzmaßnahmen der ehrenamtlichen und amtlichen Vogelschützer und gleichzeitig ein Beweis, dass sich Vogelschutz bei stark gefährdeten Arten lohnen kann. Andererseits sind mit Schreiadler, Zwergseeschwalbe oder Großem Brachvogel Alien in die höchste Gefährdungskategorie eingestuft worden, die zwar auch im Fokus des Vogelschutzes standen und stehen, bei denen aber bislang Maßnahmen nicht ausreichend erfolgreich umgesetzt werden konnten. Gerade die Kategorie "vom Aussterben bedroht" umfasst mit nunmehr 30 Arten den höchsten Wert seit Erscheinen der gesamtdeutschen Roten Liste. Der Analyse der aktuellen deutschen Brutvogelfauna zufolge sind die Boden brütenden Vogelarten, Großinsektenfresser und Langstreckenzieher am stärksten von Gefährdungen betroffen. Vogelgruppen mit einem hohen Anteil gefährdeter Arten sind demzufolge Hühnervögel, Rallen, Limikolen und Würger, während Eulen und Schnäpperverwandte derzeit vergleichsweise wenig gefährdet sind. Zudem erfolgt deutschlandweit ein weiteres Ausdünnen der typischen Vögel in der Normallandschaft, was sich vor allem in den Trendanalysen manifestiert, aber in der Roten Liste noch nicht sehr stark zum Ausdruck kommt. Die Nutzungsintensivierungen von Land- und Forstwirtschaft in jüngster Zeit geben hier großen Anlass zur Sorge in diesen Großlebensräumen. Diese Rote Liste stellt erneut ein kritisches Zeugnis über den Zustand der deutschen Vogelwelt aus. Aufgrund der in jüngster Zeit stark ausgeweiteten Monitoringprogramme wird es in Deutschland zukünftig noch besser möglich sein, die Gefahrdung aufzuzeigen. Um den dauerhaften Rückgang der Vogelbestände zu stoppen oder wenigstens zu verlangsamen, müssen die wirksamen Gefahrdungsfaktoren reduziert und minimiert werden. Dem gezielten Vogelartenschutz stellen sich dabei folgende vordringliche Aufgaben: Erhaltung der offenen Kulturlandschaft, Erhaltung strukturreicher Walder, Erhaltung nährstoffarmer Lebensräume, Sicherung der Schutzgebiete - insbesondere Natura 2000, Stärkung der internationalen Zusammenarbeit im Vogelschutz, Reduktion der Populationsverluste durch Unfälle und menschliche Verfolgung sowie Förderung des vogelkundlichen Nachwuchses.
The genus Maculinea van Eecke, 1915 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from the East Palaearctic Region
(1994)
We revise the classification of taxa belonging to the genus Maculinea from the East Palaearctic Region. In this region, in addition to the well-known three species: M. arion (Linnaeus, 1758), M. ationides (Staudinger, 1887) and M. teleius (Bergstriisser, [1779] 1778-1780), two additional species occur: M. alcon ([Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775) (upper and middle Amur River, Primor'e, China Northeast/Manchuria and North Korea) and M. kurentzovi sp. nov. (upper and middle Amur River, Primor'e, China Northeast and North Korea). Lycaena kondakovi (Kurentzov, 1970) described from Primor'e is a composite species: the lectotype if' designated here represents an East-Asian subspecies of M. alcon, but its single paralectotype is a female to be assigned to M. kurentzovi sp. nov. Only limited numbers of specimens have been known with M. alcon kondakovi from lowlands of "Far-Eastern" Russia and China Northeast, but in North Korea we found a conspicuous allied taxon arirang nov. (female unknown), which we treat here as a highland subspecies of M. alcon but which may actually represent a good species. Of kurentzovi, we have found a series of specimens which have so far been mostly confused with M. teleius in various collections. We treat Glaucopsyche xiaheana Murayama, 1991 from western Gansu as a subspecies of M. arion along with other subspecies from the central and western parts of China: M. adon philidor (Fruhstorfer, 1915) from the east end of the Qilian Range as well as Mongolia, the type locality, and M. arion inferna nom. nov., a replacement name for Lycaena talsienluica (OberthUr, 1910) (praeoccupied) from Tibet, Sichuan and Qinghai. Because of the similarity of male genitalia and existence of intermediate forms, we regard M. sinalcon Murayama, 1992 described from Qinghai as a subspecies of M. teleius despite a few significant characteristics of the holotype. East continental Asia may be regarded as the headquarter of the genus Maculinea.
The regular or obligate aphytophagy of certain lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera) is discussed within the framework of the most recent general classification of the family. A summary survey of all Lycaenidae known to be aphytophagous is presented, together with a brief account of cannibalism and other opportunistic aphytophagy exhibited by normally phytophagous butterflies. The range of food sources (plants, animals, excretions and regurgitations) exploited by lycaenids is reviewed with emphasis falling on the ecology of myrmecophilous early stages and the significance of their ant-related adaptations. Adult feeding and oviposition behaviour reveal further associations with ants. Specificity oflycaenid/ant relationships and the possible biological effects ofaphytophagy on the Lycaenidae are discussed. Finally, speculations concerning the evolution of aphytophagy by these bulterflies are critically presented.
Epilabidocera amphitrites is one of the most common copepods in the deep waters adjacent to Friday Harbor and shows characteristic swarming behavior in the surface film of the water from later spring through early summer. That the swarms are composed mainly, up to 99 %, of adult males appears to be due to difference in phototaxis to a weak light. This species, at least in copepodid stages, is omnivorous, but seems to prefer an animal diet rather than diatoms. Reproduction takes place continuously from early spring through autumn. The external anatomy of both the female and male has been described in detail. The cuticle forming the arthrodial membrane and the lining of the esophagus, hindgut, and hypostomal and labral troughs appears to be of the same nature throughout, consisting of a single stratum. The cuticle on the general body surface, however, consists of two main strata. The endoskeletal structures consist of two categories, the endoskeleton proper and the endoskeletal tendons. The former involves apodemes and apophyses. Of these the major ones are described in detail. The latter consist of two median tendinous endosternites in the « head », four pairs of ventral intersegmental thoracic tendons, and a pair of dorsal longitudinal tendons in the metasome. The endosternites are well developed, serving as origins for dilators to the atrium oris and esophagus and also for a number of extrinsic muscles to the head appendages. The skeletomusculature may be divided into longitudinal trunk and limb muscles. The paired dorsal and ventral longitudinal trunk muscles in the metasome extend, respectively, from the levels of the cervical groove and the post-maxillulary apodeme to the end of the metasome. The longitudinal trunk muscles in the urosome origate at the anterior end and run most of its length. They are arranged as paired dorsal and ventral groups and a pair of lateral muscles. The extrinsic limb muscles are described in detail. They originate either from the lateral to dorsal exoskeleton or from the endosternites. The digestive tract starts with the atrium oris in the oral cone, followed by the mouth proper, esophagus, midgut, and finally by the hindgut which opens as the anus at the end of the urosome. The oral cone consisting of the three lobed labrum and the paired paragnaths has a longitudinal groove, the oral groove, which is covered ventrally by the spinulose setae of the maxillae and laterally by the gnathobasal endites of the maxillules, these together forming an effective feeding apparatus. The midgut is produced anteriorly into a diverticulum which is higly secretory. In the middle portion of the midgut the epithelial cells are highly vacuolated. As they pass through this vacuolated region the gut contents are cemented into fecal pellets by a mucous secretion and they acquire a peritrophic membrane. There is a strong valve between the midgut and the hindgut. Peristalsis in the midgut is irregular but powerful and primarily in the reverse direction. The circulatory system involves a single heart, enclosed in a large pericardial space, and an anteriorly directed aorta terminating in an anterodorsal aortic sines. The latter communicates through three paires of openings with the sinuses in the head, which are in turn continuous with the perivisceral cavity, from which blood is returned to the pericardium. The heart has the form of a flask with an aortic valve at the tapered anterior end and a posterior ostium. The aortic wall is continued posteriorly over the heart and wraps around the anterior three-fifths as an outer membrane. This outer membrane is extended dorsally at three places to attach the heart to the dorsal exoskeleton; and it is also drawn out ventrally to form the anterior and lateral walls of the pericardium. These walls are continuous with the pericardial floor which seals the pericardia! cavity from the perivisceral cavity. The heart-beat and the blood flow through the system have been discussed. The excretory system consists of a pair of maxillary glands, each comprising a coelomic end-sac, a coelomic secretory tubule and an ectodermal excretory duct. The end-sac communicates with the tubule through a valvular opening. Antennary glands are not gound either in the nauplius stage or in the adult. The male reproductive system consists of a single testis and a single genital duct which is divided into four differentiated sections, the vas deferens, the seminal vesicle, the spermatophore sac, and the ductus ejaculatorius. The vas deferens is a thick-walled glandular tube secreting the various constituents of the spermatophore. The seminal vesicle serves mainly as a reservoir for the various components of a definitive spermatophore, and it is here that these take up their final positions. The spermatophore sac is highly glandular and is mainly responsible for formation of the coupling apparatus of the spermatophore. The spermatophore is not open directly to the outside but is connected with a canal system in the coupling apparatus. When transferred to the female genital segment at copulation, the central secretion of the spermatophore is discharged through the canal system of the coupling apparatus to glue down the spermatophore. A duct through which the spermatozoa can pass from the spermatophore to the spermathecae of the female appears to be formed later by an action of the female, possibly secretion of an enzyme or lysin. The discharge of the contents of the spermatophore is effected by swelling of Q-spermatozoa in the distal region of the spermatophore. The functional spermatozoa are spherical or polygonal and nonmotile. The female reproductive system consists of a single ovary, two oviducts, each with several diverticula, leading to the paired opnenings into the vaginal vacity, a pair of spermathecae and a pair of glands which open into the oviducts. In the mature female the oviducts are wide and sac-like, expanded by growing oocytes. However, the last portion of the oviduct is usually empty of eggs and is highly secretory. The oldest oocytes in the oviducts are usually at the metaphase of the first maturation division. The evidence points to the conclusion that the eggs are laid in this stage, and they are fertilized when they pass through the vaginal cavity. Oogenesis has been studied in detail. There are two periods of yolk formation: the first immediately after the dispersion of the mitochondrial bodies and the second in the last phase of the oocyte growth when the vacuoles in the cytoplasm are gradually replaced by yolk. Two dorsal ocelli, in the copepodid stages, are placed dorsolaterally against the exoskeleton and highly developed, each with a perfectly spherical, cuticular lens, while a single ventral ocellus remains unspecialized through the copepodid stages. Each dorsal ocellus proper is suspended in the head sinus by several connective tissue stands in addition to an aye muscle and consists of a large, syncytial pigmented cup occupied by a cellular sphere which is composed of 9 retinular and 4 crystalline cells. Each of the 9 retinular cells gives off an axon which leaves the ocellar cup at one of three places to proceed to the nauplius eye center in the protocerebrum. The ventral ocellus consists of two multinucleated pigmented cells, a cup-shaped tapetum, 6 retinular cells and about 8 conjunctival cells. Each of the 6 retinular cells sends an axon which loops over the posterior rim of the ocellar cup in common with the others to course to the nauplius eye center in the protocerebrum. The ventral ocellus is innervated by two afferent nerve fibers. There is also found a pair of conspicuous nerve fibers, possibly afferent, associated with the dorsal and ventral ocelli. A pair of accessory retinular groups, each consisting of three retinular cells, is found posterior to the dorsal ocelli. Three efferent aXOl1S from each group form a nerve running to the nauplius eye center in the protocerebrum. A pair of frontal organs, each innervated by a frontal nerve, lies in the anterior end of the head. The frontal nerves can be traced up to a pair of neuropiles immerdiately ventral to the nauplius eye center in the proto cerebrum. A pair of suprafrontal nerves branched off from the frontal nerves is found to innervate a pair of sensory filaments, the suprafrontal sensiIla, at the lower anterior end of the head. The central nervous system, consisting of a well developed brain connected by massive circumesophageaI connectives to the ventral nerve cord, has been described in detail. The ganglion cells are found throughout the nerve cord, and they are arranged into ganglia in the thoracic segments bearing the swimming legs. The stomatogastric nervous system has two pairs of labral and a single gastric ganglia. The medial pair of the labral ganglia forms anteriorly a single ganglion which is connected to the brain by three small nerves. The giant fiber system, consisting of giant motor fibers and giant interneurons, has been studied in detail, and it appears to constitute the effector portion of an escape reflex. The cutaneous glands opening through small pores in the cuticle of the metasome, urosome, and the appendages have been described. Chromatophores, unicellular or syncytial with several nuclei, are scattered deep in the body and are responsible for the metachrosis.
Westwoodilla Bate. 1862 is revised and 12 species are recognized as distinct, 2 of which, W. tone and W. helle. are described as new. New characters of taxonomic importance are described and illustrated. The many variable characters that have led to taxonomic confusion in the pas! are converted to morphometries and the intra- and interspecific variation are illustrated. This has led to a new understanding of the genus and a clarification of the "W. caecula complex". The type species Westwoodia caecula Bate. 1857 is redescribed and a neotype is designated. W. megalops (Sars, 1883) is resurrected. The junior synonymy of W. longidactyla Carausu, 1949 with W. caecula is supported by the find of Carausu's original unpublished notes and drawings. Notes on undescribed species are given. New drawings are provided for W. manta Griffiths, 1974, W. longimana Shoemaker, 1934, W. brevicalcar (Goes, 1865) and W. megalops. All species are diagnosed; new distributions are given and plotted on a map; and a key to the named species is included.
Background: Studies on the development of the nervous system and the musculature of invertebrates have become more sophisticated and numerous within the last decade and have proven to provide new insights into the evolutionary history of organisms. In order to provide new morphogenetic data on opisthobranch gastropods we investigated the neuromuscular development in the nudibranch Aeolidiella stephanieae Valdez, 2005 using immunocytochemistry as well as F-actin labelling in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM). Results: The ontogenetic development of Aeolidiella stephanieae can be subdivided into 8 stages, each recognisable by characteristic morphological and behavioural features as well as specific characters of the nervous system and the muscular system, respectively. The larval nervous system of A. stephanieae includes an apical organ, developing central ganglia, and peripheral neurons associated with the velum, foot and posterior, visceral part of the larva. The first serotonergic and FMRFamidergic neural structures appear in the apical organ that exhibits an array of three sensory, flask-shaped and two non-sensory, round neurons, which altogether disappear prior to metamorphosis. The postmetamorphic central nervous system (CNS) becomes concentrated, and the rhinophoral ganglia develop together with the anlage of the future rhinophores whereas oral tentacle ganglia are not found. The myogenesis in A. stephanieae begins with the larval retractor muscle followed by the accessory larval retractor muscle, the velar or prototroch muscles and the pedal retractors that all together degenerate during metamorphosis, and the adult muscle complex forms de novo. Conclusions: Aeolidiella stephanieae comprises features of the larval and postmetamorphic nervous as well as muscular system that represent the ground plan of the Mollusca or even the Trochozoa (e. g. presence of the prototrochal or velar muscle ring). On the one hand, A. stephanieae shows some features shared by all nudibranchs like the postmetamorphic condensation of the CNS, the possession of rhinophoral ganglia and the lack of oral tentacle ganglia as well as the de novo formation of the adult muscle complex. On the other hand, the structure and arrangement of the serotonergic apical organ is similar to other caenogastropod and opisthobranch gastropods supporting their sister group relationship.
Amphibians of Malawi : an analysis of their richness and community diversity in a changing landscape
(2009)
This study summarizes the state of the knowledge of the amphibian diversity in Malawi highlighting the possible threats impending on this fauna correlated with human encroachment and land use change. New data about diversity, distribution and ecology have been gathered, whereas the old ones have been summarised, reviewed and commented. In order to put in context the responses of the amphibian communities to land use change, the main environmental characteristics of the country at a broad space and time scale have been explored. Furthermore, the original habitats and vegetation have been described, and their status in the present day Malawi discussed. In the same way, an overview of the actual state of the knowledge about the Malawian amphibians has been provided, and their ability to act as surrogate of environmental integrity in Sub-Saharan Africa commented on the basis of the available studies. Afterwards, the results of the study of the selected areas and samples have been analysed within this newly generated context. Different field and laboratory methods were applied for the quantitative analysis of the richness and diversity of the communities. Opportunistic search was used to detect species richness, whereas the visual encounter survey was applied to detect the relative abundance of species. Several indices of diversity and similarity, and extrapolations by means of true richness estimators were used for the analysis of the alpha and beta diversities. Additional information were gathered by means of pitfall traps with drift fence, and by the recording of the advertisement calls. Supplementary methods were applied for the analysis of the taxonomic composition of the collected material. In Malawi 84 amphibian species are recorded, two of which still undescribed (Leptopelis sp. and Phrynobatrachus sp.). Three further species need to be confirmed and might be possibly present too: Amietia viridireticulata, Hemisus guineensis, and Hyperolius minutissimus. Additionally, other unrecognised cryptic species — at least one — are present within the Hyperolius nasutus complex. Most of the species belong to the order Anura (82 species; 97.6%), whereas only two species belong to the Gymnophiona (2.4%). Anurans are divided into 12 families and 23 genera, whereas the two caecilians species into one family (Caecilidae) and two genera. The more diverse family is the Hyperoliidae (21 species, 25%) followed by the families Ptychadenidae (13 species, 15%), Arthroleptidae (11 species, 13%), Phrynobatrachidae (10 species, 12%), and Bufonidae and Pyxicephalidae (9 species, 11% respectively). The remaining high family diversity (seven families, Caecilidae included) is contrasted by a low number of species (11 species in total, 14%). Based on the available distribution data, the value of species richness of the anuran communities in Malawi is comprised between 5‒45 species. In average 16.8 ± 9.0 species (N=80) are to be found, 75% of the sites have less than 21 species, and only two sites have more than 25 species. Four hot spots of amphibian diversity were identified: the Nyika Plateau (24 species), Mangochi-Malombe (25 species), Zomba Plateau (32 species) and the Mulanje Massif (45 species). In the studied areas a mean of 14.7 ± 1.6 species was observed and extrapolations by means of the true richness estimators were in good agreement with this result. Among the studied areas the richest was Palm Forest Reserve (17 species), followed by Kaningina Forest Reserve (16 species) and Vinthukutu F. R., and Vwaza W. R (15 species). The poorest area was the Misuku Mountains with 12 species only and a slightly different ranking was generated by the true richness estimators. The mean of the species present in the samples was 4.8 ± 2.1 species, considerably less than the true species richness detected in the respective areas. Basing on the ranking generated by the K-dominance plot the most diverse samples were Palm F. R. and Misuku, whereas the less diverse were Kaningina F. R. and Fort Lister, confirmed by the values of the diversity indices. The main finding of this study was the observation of the lack of a clear match between environmental degradation and amphibian diversity, and the crucial importance of temporary water bodies for the preservation of the amphibian diversity. In fact, despite most of the original habitat formerly present in Malawi have been destroyed and replaced by cultivations, the amphibian communities of different areas showed a comparable diversity at both family and species richness level, and no evident match between environmental degradation and amphibian diversity was recognisable. Differences in species richness could mostly be explained by natural factors such the elevation gradient and the presence of temporary water bodies. However, it was not possible to exclude that the communities have changed during historical time and the shift in species composition already occurred together with the modification of their relative frequencies. Most of the species showed a remarkable ecological plasticity and several species were found in a variety of both natural and altered habitats. The classification of the Malawian amphibians on the basis of ecological guilds based on the available natural history data showed the preponderance (76%) of generalist pond breeders. As a consequence, most of these amphibians possessed a scarce capacity to act as surrogates of habitat integrity. Based on the result of this study the farm bush landscape with traditional agriculture practices bears a great potential to support amphibian diversity in terms of species richness, representing a compromise between local economic development and conservation. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate the outstanding importance of the southern-east region of Malawi for the conservation of the country’s amphibians.
Odonates de l'Asie mineure et révision de ceux des autres parties de la faune dite Européenne
(1887)
Von den Canaren waren nur wenige Thysanopteren bekannt. Es ist daher um so mehr zu begrüßen, daß Titschack auf seiner Canaren-Reise im Frühjahre 1931 den Thysanopteren seine besondere Aufmerksamkeit schenkte. Ich freue mich, hervorheben zu können, daß dieses Material nicht nur durch seinen Reichtum an Individuen zu einer besonders exakten Bearbeitung geeignet war, sondern daß Titschack auch selbst das ganze Material in Canadabalsam-Präparate übertragen, dadurch der Zerstörung entrissen und damit das Hamburger Museum um eine prächtige Sammlung tadelloser Präparate bereichert hat. ... Die Ausbeute umfaßt 13 bereits bekannte und 14 für die Wissenschaft neue Arten; nur einige zweifelhafte Stücke wurden hier nicht behandelt. Die bekannten Arten sind 3 Kosmopoliten: Limothrips cerealium Hal., Thrips tabaci Lind. und Haplothrips gowdeyi Frkl. Eine Anzahl - wohl auch der größte Teil der neuen Arten - gehört dem Mediterranen Faunengebiet an, einzelne sind weiter verbreitet. Haplothrips retamae (Enderl.) ist nur von den Canaren bekannt. Ich gehe gleich in die Besprechung bzw. Beschreibung der Arten ein...
Les glycériens de Norvege
(1941)
Ten species of antlions are confirmed as present in Paraguay and seven additional species are suspected to be present there. All of the species are found also in Argentina and Brazil except for Eremoleon pulchra (Esben- Petersen) which is endemic to Paraguay. A key to the adults is provided as well as distributional data for Paraguay with two new country records (Ameromyia dimidiata Navás and Austroleon dispar (Banks)).
A new species of anamorphine endomychid, Micropsephodes bahamaensis Shockley is described from a small series of 3 specimens collected on North Andros Island in the Bahamas. Besides being the only species known from the Bahamas, M. bahamaensis is readily recognizable from its congeners based on its much larger size, more elongate habitus and features of the galeae and maxillary palpomere IV. Keys to the known species of Micropsephodes and to the adults of the genera of Anamorphinae that occur in the Western Hemisphere are provided.
The checkered beetle Aphelochroa sanguinalis (Westwood) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) is found in savanna and woodland ecosystems of southern and eastern Africa. During surveys for insect floral visitors in the Skukuza Ranger District of Kruger National Park, South Africa, we encountered adults of Aphelochroa sanguinalis on flowers of two tree species, Acacia grandicornuta Gerstner and Acacia tortilis (Forsskal) Hayne (Fabaceae). These two tree species flower in the early rainy season (November-December) and have small white flowers in small round ball-shaped clusters. Adults of phelochroa sanguinalis were not found on flowers of 14 other tree species with different floral structures which were flowering at the same time as Acacia grandicornuta and Acacia tortilis. Predatory, reproductive, and defensive behaviors (including the presence of a chemical defense) are described for Aphelochroa sanguinalis based on field and laboratory observations.
Adults, and in some species larvae, of several members of Belonuchus Nordmann (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae) and a few related genera seem to be to various degrees consistently associated with flower bracts of the genus Heliconia (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae). They are predators and eat various dipterous and lepidopterous larvae in that habitat. Adults of at least Belonuchus cephalotes (Sharp) and Odontolinus fasciatus Sharp are able to immerse completely in water to capture larvae and/or pupae of mosquitoes (Culicidae). Adults and larvae of Belonuchus satyrus Erichson, and adults of B. cacao Blackwelder and B. rufipennis (F.) were found in water-filled flower bracts of Heliconia bihai (L.) L. in northern, lowland Venezuela. The bracts also contained mosquito larvae and semiaquatic coleopterous (Chrysomelidae: Hispinae), lepidopterous (Crambidae: Pyraustinae) and dipterous (Syrphidae, Stratiomyidae, Psychodidae, Richardiidae) larvae, and Annelida. In feeding trials, B. satyrus adults and larvae did not feed on hispine larvae or annelids, but did feed on all the lepidopterous and dipterous larvae available to them; adults dragged larvae and pupae of the mosquito genus Toxorhynchites Theobald from shallow water and thus seemed to be the top predators of the food pyramid within bracts. Records are compiled of association of Belonuchus and relatives with Heliconia bracts in the neotropics. We correct the names used for Heliconia spp. by earlier entomological authors working in Venezuela. Their ‘Heliconia caribaea Lamarck’ is H. bihai (L.) L. and their ‘H. aurea Rodríguez’ is H. bihai cv. Aurea.
A Caribbean species of Mecidea Dallas, M. longula Stål, apparently established in south Florida, is reported from the United States for the first time. Specimens were first collected in February 2008 in a light trap operated in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Collections in that trap have continued through the present. Searches near the trap location resulted in several specimens being taken from smutgrass, Sporobolus indicus (L.), an exotic grass now established throughout much of the southeastern United States. The three North American species of Mecidea are keyed and illustrated. In addition to the Florida locality, M. longula is reported for the first time from the British Virgin Islands, St. Kitts, St. Martin, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
Die oftmals apostrophierten Schwierigkeiten bei der taxonomischen Behandlung der Gattung Hylaeus F. können spätestens seit den genitalmorphologischen Untersuchungen von MEHELY (1935) als prinzipiell bewältigt gelten. Auf die beträchtlichen Unterschiede im Bau des Kopulationsapparates der Männchen hatte bereits E. SAUNDERS (1882a,b) unter Beifügung genauet Zeichnungen hingewiesen. Damit war der Schlüssel zur zuverlässigen Bestimmung dieser kleinen und relativ uniformen Bienen gegeben, aber leider hat in Europa bisher nur ELFVING (1951) versucht, diese Merkmale mit Bestimmungstabellen zu verbinden, wie es etwa in der Neuen Welt längst unumgänglich ist (vgl. z. B. METZ 1911, SNELLING 1966-1970). POPOV (1939) gründete seine subgenerische Einteilung der Gattung auf die Erkenntnisse von MEHELY, und diese hat sich trotz einseitiger Anlage, obwohl nur die 33 berücksichtigt wurden, bis heute weitgehend bewährt. Die Erfahrung lehrt, daß einzelne Insektengruppen erst über geeignete Bestimmungsliteratur auch mehr Bearbeiter finden und einem breiteren, kooperativen Studium zugänglich werden. Im gegenwärtigen Stand bedürfen die Hj/acus vor allem eingehender biologischer Bearbeitung von vielen Seiten. Insbesondere sollte unsere Kenntnis ihrer natürlichen Variation, Bionomie und Verbreitung ergänzt werden, bevor taxonomische Konsequenzen gezogen werden. Das vorliegende Manuskript ist deshalb in erster Linie als Arbeitsmaterial zur Verständigung und Diskussion angelegt und berücksichtigt praktische Erfordernisse, insbesondere die der Determinationspraxis. Trotzdem hat sich daraus gleichwohl von selbst eine Revision der Untergattungen (unter Einbeziehung der ... ) und eine nicht geringe Anzahl systematischer Anmerkungen ergeben. Durch die freundliche Vermittlung von Herrn Dr. KÖNIGSMANN (Berlin) konnte aus dem Nachlaß BLÜTHGENS ein umfangreiches, wenn auch unvollständiges Manuskript mit dem Arbeitstitel "Die mitteleuropäischen Arten der Gattung Prosopis F." mit ausgewertet werden. Für den Druck ist dieser Text, an dem BLÜTHGEN vor und noch neben seiner Vespoiden-Arbeit (1961) schrieb, viel zu breit angelegt. Von seiner Intention dürfte aber viel in die vorliegende Untersuchung eingeflossen sein. Außerdem habe ich seine sorgfältig recherchierte Synonymie weitgehend übernommen. Sie wurde nach Möglichkeit kontrolliert und ergänzt, ohne jedoch Vollständigkeit anzustreben. Die langen Listen von LEcLERcg (I964) und WARNCKE (1972 ) konnten nur insoweit überprüft werden, als es Fragen von akuter nomenklatorischer Relevanz betraf. Der Praktiker benötigt ohnehin zunächst nur die Angaben, die ihm den Anschluß an die (wenige) Spezialliteratur der jüngeren Vergangenheit erlauben. Diese Synonymie ist vollständig. Die Tabellen beziehen sich auf das gesamte Europa von Gibraltar bis zum Ural und schließen die großen Mittelmeerinseln ein; Zypern, wiewohl Kleinasien vorgelagert, wurde zusätzlich aufgenommen, denn die wenigen Formen (meist Endemiten) lassen sich nahtlos anfügen. Die Aufteilung der europäischen geographischen Regionen folgt dem allgemeinen Verständnis: Es werden West-, Ost-, Mittel-, Nord- und Südeuropa unterschieden (Abkürzungen: W, E, C, N, S). SE-Europa bezieht sich insonderheit auf den Balkan und die S-Ukraine. Zoogeographische Grenzen bestehen vor allem zwischen W- und C-Europa, wobei sich die Iberische Halbinsel noch einmal absetzt, sowie zwischen S- und C-Europa mit den Alpen als Barriere. Der Kaukasus gehört nur teilweise zu Europa, er wurde und wird aber gern besammelt und deshalb mit verlangt. In seinem westlichen Teil ist die Fauna noch sehr zentraleuropäisch, im östlichen zeigen sich verstärkt auch klein- und mittelasiatische Arten, die, soweit bekannt, ~inbegriffen wurden. Es sind alle Arten berücksichtigt, die nach meiner Kenntnis bisher für das Gesamtgebiet als gesichert gelten bzw. noch zu erwarten sind. Daß auch weiterhin mit neuen Arten zu rechnen ist, ergaben vorbereitende Studien (DATHE 1977, 1979b). Wenig an Fundangaben und Material lag mir aus dem europäischen Teil der RSFSR (E-Europa) vor. Die Bearbeitung für die europäische UdSSR von OSYCNJUK (1978) stellt erst einen Anfang dar. Von allen verzeichneten Arten werden Abbildungen der Gesichtsmaske und des Kopulationsapparates (...) gegeben. Der Verweis auf eine bestimmte Abbildungsnummer steht in eckigen Klammern. Alle Beschreibungen wurden in standardisierter Form völlig neu angefertigt. Dazu stund das umfangreiche Material des Zoologischen Museums Berlin (ZMB) zur Verfügung, insbesondere die Sammlungen von ALFKEN und BLÜTHGEN.
Die Gattung Aspilota FOERSTER ist als solche verhältnismäßig leicht zu erkennen. Die Bestimmung der Arten hingegen stößt auf ungewöhnliche Schwierigkeiten. Es ist fast sicher, daß erst ein kleiner Teil der existierenden Arten entdeckt ist. Der vorliegende Beitrag hat jedoch nicht das Ziel, neue Arten zu beschreiben, sondern stellt einen ersten Versuch dar, wenigstens den Großteil der schon bekannten Spezies in ein zusammenfassendes taxonomisches System zu bringen.
Several generic schemes used in classifying species belonging to Prionospio Malmgren, 1867 sensu lato have been reviewed; three taxa have been retained at the generic level, and three additional taxa at the subgeneric level. The following genera and subgenera are recognized: Prionospio Malmgren, 1867, including the subgenera Minuspio Foster, 1971, Aquilaspio Foster, 1971 and Prionospio Malmgren (sensu striclo); Apoprionospio Foster, 1969, and Paraprionospio Caullery, 1914. Prionospio sensu lata includes species with various combinations of branchiae which are smooth (apinnate), wrinkled, or with digitiform pinnules, beginning on setiger 2. Apoprionospio includes species having branchiae from setiger 2, with at least one pair having plate-like pinnules. Paraprionospio includes species with branchiae from setiger 1, with all pairs having platelike pinnules. Fifteen species, including seven new species, belonging to the genus Prionospio are described. Prionospio (Prionospio) steenstrupi Malmgren, 1867 is described from the syntype series, and is newly synonymized with P. fallax Söderström, 1920. The validity of P. bocki Söderström, 1920 as a separate species is discussed, as is the indeterminable nature of P. malmgreni Claparède, 1869. Prionospio (Prionospio) dubia Day, 1961 originally described as a new variety of P. malmgreni from S Africa, is raised to full species status. Prionospio (P.) cristata Foster, 1971 and P. (P.) heterobranchia Moore, 1907 are redescribed. Prionospio (P.) tripinnata, a new species with three pairs of pinnate branchiae, is described from the Mediterranean Sea and compared with P. plumosa Sars, 1872. A new synonymy is proposed for P. lobulata Fauchald, 1972 with P. (P.) ehlersi Fauvel, 1928. Two new species, P. (Minuspio) fauchaldi and P. (M.) laciniosa, are described in which the apinnate branchiae are distinctly wrinkled or sculptured, rather than smooth. P. (M.) laciniosa is also distinguished by dorsal crests modified into semicircular flaps. Several species previously referred to Prionospio (Minuspio) cirrifera Wirén, 1883 are reviewed and described. The seven species recognized by Foster in the genus Minuspio are considered; several are retained, and new species and new synonymies are proposed. Because the types are apparently lost, a description of P. (M.) cirrifera is given based on specimens from near the type locality. Prionospio (M.) aluta new species is separated from P. (M.) cirrifera on the basis of the presence of lateral pouches in P. aluta and their absence in P. cirrifera. Prionospio (M.) delta Hartman, 1965 is retained as a valid species; P. (M.) longibranchiata Reish, 1968 and P. (M.) minor Fauchald & Hancock, 1981 are newly synonymized with P. delta. P. (M.) multibranchiata Berkeley, 1927 is also retained as a valid species, and P. (M.) perkinsi, P. (M.) lighti and P. (M.) wireni are newly described from shallow water. Two species are recognized as belonging to Apoprionospio Foster: A. pygmaea (Hartman, 1961) and A. dayi Foster, 1969. New records and range extensions are given for both species. New records are also presented for Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901). The specimens examined as part of this study are based primarily on deep-sea materials collected in the Atlantic Ocean, but also include shallow-water specimens from the east, west, and gulf coasts of N America.
The theoretical concept of the biological species and the multidimensional species category, as currently applied by a majority of ornithologists and by many other biologists, replaced the typological-morphological species concept during the first half of this century and became a central tenet of the synthetic theory of evolution. The concept of biospecies is a 'horizontal' concept referring to contemporary reproductive communities at any particular period, e.g. the Recent period or any other time level of the geological past. Historical 'species' concepts as applied by cladists and palaeontologists refer to artificially delimited portions of 'vertical' phyletic lineages for which the application of the term 'species' causes severe problems. Discussions would be simplified if the concept and term 'species' was to be restricted to cross sections of phyletic lineages at any time level and a separate taxonomy outside the Linnaean system of genera and species was to be conceived to deal with phyletic lineages. Under each of the theoretical species concepts, species taxa are assigned broadly to intermediate or narrowly defined taxonomic species categories. Ornithologists of the 19th century applied morphological species concepts, emphasizing morphological character differences between species (rather than distinctness) and the fertility of con specific individuals (rather than the isolation from non-conspecific populations). Nearly all leading museum ornithologists in 19th-century Europe delineated monotypic Linnaean species, whereas the explorer-naturalists of the Gloger-Middendorff school (including Panas, Faber, Gloger, Nordmann, Middendorff, Schrenck, Radde, as well as Schlegel and Blasius) delimited widely circumscribed species taxa. Their researches in the vast territories of eastern Europe, Siberia and the Far East from the late 18th century to the 1880s and, in particular, their rich specimen material, demonstrated direct intergradation of many taxa (geographical varieties) of birds, thus revealing the conspecific nature of numerous narrowly conceived morphospecies previously described by museum workers. The ornithologists of the Gloger-Middendorff school also studied several conspicuous phenomena of geographical character variation in birds (and mammals) across Eurasia, especially plumage colouration (and pelage) and body size, but none of them was an evolutionist. They an adhered to a typological-creationist theoretical species concept. During the late 19th century, the museum specialists' taxonomic notion of narrow morphospecies dominated systematic ornithology in Europe, overtaking the work of the naturalists of the Gloger-Middendorff school, which fell into oblivion. The ornithologists of the Bairdian school in North America (Baird, Coues, Allen, Ridgway) further developed the concept of subspecies after the 1850s and especially from the 1870s onward. Their views were fully in accord with Darwin's theories of evolution' thus they defined the subspecies in a somewhat simplified manner as 'nascent species': These ornithologists were able to base their studies on collections of extensive specimen material which they had obtained during a series of exploring expeditions across the North American continent. Their studies led to the discovery of many aspects of both individual and geographic variation in birds. There are interesting historical similarities between the coinciding taxonomic interpretations and the comparable application of fairly broad limits of morphospecies by the North American ornithologists and the earlier exploring ornithologists in Europe, arrived at Independently by these, research groups, The study of specimens in 'series' (,suites'), beginninng with the naturalists of the Gloger-Middendorff school and, in particular, with the naturalists of the Bairdian school in North America, eventually led to the overcoming of the prevating typological view of variation and the development of 'population thinking'. Influenced by the work of Henry Seebohm in Britain and that of the North American ornithologists, Hartert in England and Kleinschmidt in Germany jointly succeeded in overcoming the strong opposition of the leadi.ng ornithologists in Europe during the 1890s and early 19008 and introduced a concept which soon developed into the biological species concept through the work of Stresemann, Rensch, and in particular, Ernst Mayr. Hopefully, ornithologists will continue the study of taxa at low, intermediate and high levels of microtaxonomic differentiation and will identify the subspecies groups, biological species and the biogeographical species in the world's avifaunas. Cladistic analyses will provide historical {'vertical'} overviews of phyletic lineages at different taxonomic levels.
In the course of certain studies upon Gordiacea, I have determined two new species of Chordodes (CREPLIN), a genus closely allied to Gordius, from Borneo and Africa, and these forms are here described; the publication of the systematic results of my studies upon the american species of this group being postponed until I have an opportunity to compare more material. 1. Chordodes furnessi n. sp. 2. Chordodes albibarbatus n. sp.
Chthonius heterodactylus Tömösváry, 1882 is recorded for the first time from the Czech Republic (Hranická chasm). The occurence of this Carpathian species in Central Europe is discussed and the positions of the type localities are corrected.
N. bidentatum Roewer, 1914 was found at two places in Germany: first on the island “Harriersand” in the Weser river (Lower Saxony), second on the banks of the river Elbe in the Elbsandsteingebirge (Saxony). Adjacent to the latter locality an occurrence in the Czech Republic could be located close to the German/Czech border in the floodplain of the river Elbe as well. These records are the first for Germany and the Czech Republic. They enlarge the distribution area of N. bidentatum remarkably in both a northern and a western direction. The two populations show conspicuous differences in the form of the male cheliceral apophysis, which assigns them to the subspecies bidentatum Roewer, 1914 (in Lower Saxony) and sparsum Gruber & Martens, 1968 (in Saxony and the Czech Republik respectively). Differences, morphological characters and variability of the populations are illustrated. Relationships, abundance, ecology and provenance are discussed. N. dentigerum Canestrini, 1873 is recorded in Saxony for the first time. New records of N. triste C. L. Koch, 1835 and N. lugubre (Müller, 1776) are given.