870 Italische Literaturen; Lateinische Literatur
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In scholarly discussions, ancient didactic poetry is sometimes considered a 'technical' form of literature. The 'technical' aspect of didactic poems would seem to concern mainly their contents, not the poems' form, which is described instead as literary. And so, didactic poetry appears to be both 'technical' and, at the same time, more than just technical. To what extent were didactic poems considered 'artistic' in our modern sense? Or should we call them simply 'technical' poems in the sense that they deal with 'techne' as a form of practical expertise? Was the 'art' of ancient didactic poems one specific domain that ancient audiences easily identified? Or was this somewhat unclear? These are some of the key questions that I am concerned with, as I wish to explore to what extent the ancient poets themselves utilize the idea of 'techne' and what is the added value that the concept of 'techne' brings to their poetic works. I will present three authors to address these questions, namely in order: Ovid, whom I take as example of a poet who grandly advertises the presence of 'ars' in his poem; then, Archestratus of Gela, the first, partly extant poet to write 'didactic poems' in Greece in the manner that will impose itself in the following centuries, and an early example of how this poetry engages with what idea(s) about 'ars'; and, lastly, Aratus of Soli, the likely most canonical author of this type of poetry in Antiquity. This selection of authors, to be sure, does not provide a full picture of didactic poetry in Antiquity, with all its peculiarities. But it does have some paradigmatic meaning for two reasons. First, Archestratus and Aratus are significant within the history of didactic poetry, as I anticipated, because the former is a pioneer in this genre and the latter is a widely popular and influential author. Thus, analysis of their poems is useful to understand also certain features of the didactic genre more in general. Ovid's "Ars Amatoria", on the other hand, while perhaps being less influential for the whole history of the genre, becomes paradigmatic in so far as one explores the issue of didactic 'art'. For, this work features the topic of 'techne' much more extensively than many other didactic poems. But before I move to these authors, I wish to make a preamble about ancient didactic poetry as genre. For one might then wonder whether these questions about didactic poetry and 'techne' would find an easy solution if one considered first the meaning and category of the 'didactic' - a name that by itself seems to evoke the idea of knowledge and the sharing of a certain form of expertise.
While Freud regularly discusses the Oedipus complex in the context of the Sophoclean tragedy, the founding document of the psychoanalytic theory of narcissism lacks any trace of the mythological substrate. Both Narcissus, who contributed no less than his name to the psychic phenomenon of narcissism, and Ovid, in whose Metamorphoses the most elaborate and effective elaboration of the myth of Narcissus is laid down, form a conspicuous blank space in Freud's 'Introduction to Narcissism'. This article will attempt to explain this lack of tradition and, in addition, discuss the figure of Pygmalion as a productive form of narcissism that can supplement Freud's theory.
The final letters of Ovid's collection "Heroides" tell the remarkable story of a written oath. Acontius has fallen in love with the beautiful Cydippe. Since she is already promised to another man, Acontius uses a deceitful stratagem: he sends her an apple on which he has inscribed "cunning words", namely, an oath of engagement. As Cydippe reads the inscription aloud mechanically, she finds herself involuntarily bound to marry Acontius, and finally gives in to his insistent wooing. If read against the backdrop of a media theory of law, Ovid's story raises a couple of important questions concerning the relationship between orality and literacy at the beginning of Western legal history. While the oath undoubtedly is a fundamental element of early law, it is usually understood as part of an "archaic" oral law that is "rationalized" only afterwards by being transferred to writing. Ovid, however, presents the idea of an originally written oath and thus invites the reader to reconsider the relation between speech and writing: To what extent may writing exert a binding force that is distinct from the representation of speech?
Trans_Konzepte dienen der Beschreibung kultureller Formationen, die gegen binäre oder dichotomisierende Ordnungsstrukturen Offenheit, Vernetzung und Prozesshaftigkeit setzen. Ein großer Vorteil dieses methodischen Zugriffs liegt darin, dass das Untersuchungsfeld des ›Trans_‹ weder kulturhistorisch noch geopolitisch gebunden ist und somit auch einen innovativen Zugang zu historischen und längst kanonisierten Texten eröffnet – oder aber bereits beobachtete, textinterne Bewegungen beschreibbar macht. So lässt sich auch Ovids 'Narcissus et Echo' als Szenario der Trans_Geschlechtlichkeit lesen. Sobald man den Fokus der Lektüre nicht auf die Autoerotisierung der Hauptfigur legt, sondern den Text von seinem Ausgangspunkt her – der Vergewaltigung von Liriope durch ihren Vater – begreift, werden weitere textimmanente Prozesse sichtbar, die eine Bewegung des ›Trans_‹ abbilden. So lässt sich Narziss als eine psychische Auslagerung seiner Mutter verstehen, die sich nach dem gewaltsamen Zugriff auf ihren Körper im geschlechtlich Polyvalenten einen neuen Existenz- und Wahrnehmungsraum schafft. Narziss erscheint darin als geschlechtlich entortet und anhand mehrerer Spiegelungen nicht auf eine eindeutige 'Substanz' oder 'Natur' zurückführbar.