Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (7)
- Part of a Book (4)
- Doctoral Thesis (2)
- Review (1)
- Study Thesis (1)
Language
- German (10)
- English (4)
- Portuguese (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (15)
Keywords
- Kulturanthropologie (15) (remove)
Institute
The dissertation, ”Coping with emergent hearing loss”, is written in English and is based on the diversity of problems connected to hearing loss and the adaptation of hearing aids. The research was carried out in Denmark and involves adults with an emergent hearing loss, who have decided to become hearing aid users. The data is analyzed through methods of cultural anthropology with focus on the following topics: How do the new users cope with the status passage towards being hearing aid users, how do they integrate the hearing aids into their lives, and what are the involved learning processes. What are the consequences of the provision by the state of free hearing aids, their free adaptation as well as free batteries, and does the state take part in the construction of the social group of new hearing aid users? The method is based on qualitative field work. Two public hospitals were helpful in identifying 24 new users, who acquired a free hearing aid through the hearing health care system. Through ENTs and private dispensers 17 further respondents joined the study – these acquired their hearing aids with a considerable state subsidy but mostly they themselves contributed financially as well. The 41 respondents between the ages of 42 to 92 years of age came from a wide range of professions and were followed throughout 2003 und 2004. After an in-depth qualitative interview, the contact to the respondents was maintained in order to follow the process of integration into their lives. When possible, the respondents were accompanied to their appointments in the private or public clinics. Moreover, interviews with experts from the public hearing health care system, politicians and user organisations were carried out, and the general public debate on the hard of hearing and hearing loss was followed and recorded. The second chapter gives an overview of the position of audiology in Denmark, of epidemiological information on hearing loss in the Danish society and statistics to the use of hearing aids. Moreover, basic information is given about the functioning of the human ear, the auditive perception and diagnosis and classification of hearing loss as well as a short introduction to the hearing aid technology. The structure of the further thesis divides the material into three pillars that make the discussion of the interaction processes possible. (1) The user’s interaction with the lifeworld concerns the meaning of hearing in relation to social participation. For some of the users, a good sense of hearing was essential to communicate freely and uphold their position in relation to others, whereas other respondents paid less attention to the information they acquired through their sense of hearing. A number of the respondents were selective and only used their hearing aids in specific situations, whereas another group discontinued the use of their hearing aids for various reasons. Status passages that hold specific challenges like a new work place or a new marriage motivate the continued everyday use. On the whole, the thesis illustrates that hearing loss is a socially dividing factor that complicates the interaction with others. In comparison to other bodily impairments or diseases, the hearing loss is rarely used as occasion to unite with fellow sufferers, join patient organisations or form self help groups. (2) The users’ interaction with the institutions The medical anthropologist Arthur Kleinman conceptualises health care as a moral process in which essential issues are at stake for the users. Different factors interact in the process: the training of the experts, allocation of funds, the quality of the technology, the dispensing procedures and the motivation and individual characteristics of the new users. The integration of the hearing aid into the lifeworld can be compared to a learning process, for which reason the learning theory of the anthropologist Gregory Bateson is outlined. Susanne Bisgaard’s own theory lists the meaning creating elements that serve as motivation for the users to counteract contingency (occurrences that influence the adaptation negatively). In the interaction between individual and society, the individual can apply strategies in order to eliminate stumbling blocks. (3) The users’ interaction with the technology A number of theorists from Anthropology as well as Science and Technology Studies are discussed in order to question their validity with regard to human action autonomy vs. technological determination and test the theoretical models with regard to their usability for the thesis. Hearing aids have a supporting function in everyday life and have the capability of moderating the user’s perception of sound. The alienating experience of hearing one’s own voice amplified, of wearing a foreign body in the ear and the different strategies that emerge from the more or less successful handling of the technology is reported by way of case stories and quotes from the interviews.
O artigo aborda as experiências fotografias e narrativas do fotojornalista austríaco Mario Baldi, que trabalhou entre os índios brasileiros na primeira metade do século XX. Baldi escreveu um livro sobre sua convivência com os Carajá e publicou tanto no Brasil quanto na Alemanha. O objetivo dessa análise é comparar as duas versões e abordar as inovações e limites das representações que Baldi faz da alteridade cultural brasileira, influenciadas por um romantismo etnológico compartilhado por alguns estudiosos brasileiros e alemães, denominado nos anos 1940 e 1950 de indiologia brasileira.
Der Begriff der Nationalliteratur fungiert bei Herder […] vor allem als eine Differenzkategorie, die in Frontstellung zu den Konzepten eines universalistischen Rationalismus :und einer durch ihn begründeten klassizistischen Ästhetik entworfen wird, weil in ihrem Horizont das Problem der kulturellen Differenz nicht gedacht werden kann. Herders Konzept ist daher primär zu lesen als ein solches, das nach Wegen sucht, die Frage kultureller Differenz sowohl in synchroner wie in diachroner Perspektive zu erfassen.
Herder's concept of a national literature [...] serves as a differential category formulated in opposition to the concepts generated by universalistic rationalism and the Classicist aesthetics which is based on it, this being an aesthetics which is incapable of accommodating cultural difference. Thus Herder's concept is to be read – primarily as one looking for ways of conceiving cultural difference syncronically as well as diachronically.
In den hier skizzierten Kontext kollektiver Selbstverständigung zeitgenössischer Kulturdiagnostiker fügt sich auch das Mem-Konzept ein, dessen Urheber jedoch nicht im Entferntesten daran dachte, einen Beitrag zur Lösung kulturanthropologischer Grundprobleme zu leisten. Der englische Evolutionsbiologe Richard Dawkins, der den Neologismus "Mem" eingeführt hat, ist in einem ganz anderen Kontext beheimatet und verfolgt ganz andere Intentionen. Es war vor allem der Gedanke der Replikation, der Dawkins so fasziniert hat, dass er die Frage stellte, ob nicht auch die kulturelle Evolution als ein autoreproduktiver Replikationsprozess begriffen werden könnte. Aber wer oder was sollte sich replizieren? Ließ sich eine Struktureinheit mit einem variablen Komplexitätsgrad annehmen, die analog zum Gen als ein Replikator fungieren könnte? Die Antwort auf diese Frage war die Mem-Hypothese. Gene stellen als biologische Erbeinheiten eine Art von Grundbausteinen der belebten Materie dar. Daran anknüpfend führte Dawkins als Analogon zum Gen die Größe ein, die er Mem nannte. Er definierte Mem als die Einheit kultureller Vererbung, die sich dadurch auszeichnet, dass sie Kopien von sich herstellen kann. Aufgrund eines solchen Wirkungsvermögens können Meme als Quasiakteure der Replikation betrachtet werden, sie seien die Replikatoren, die die kulturelle Evolution in Gang hielten.
Paul Gilroy verweist in seinem "The Black Atlantic" auf Walter Benjamin, dessen Konzept der "Urgeschichte" der Moderne ihm insbesondere wegen aus der jüdischen Mystik übernommener Elemente für die Konstruktion einer Alternative zur Siegergeschichte geeignet erscheint. [...] Wie lässt sich ein notwendig diskretes mystisches Eingedenken gegen das unausweichlich dröhnende Triumphgeschrei der Sieger diskursiv umsetzen? So klar auch sein mag, dass die konstitutive Voraussetzung für die Konstruktion und das Schreiben der Geschichte der Unterdrückten nur darin liegen kann, den Namenlosen zuzuhören, bleibt gleichwohl die Frage nach der Möglichkeit der Darstellung einer Geschichte der Namenlosen. Lässt sich Geschichte überhaupt jenseits einer vermeintlich unentrinnbaren Dialektik von Siegern und Verlierern, mithin anders darstellen als in der Sprache und aus der Warte der Sieger? Um Missverständnissen vorzubeugen: Im Folgenden soll nicht Walter Benjamin zum Vordenker des Post-Kolonialismus stilisiert oder in aktuelle de-kolonialistische Debatten hineingezwängt werden. Stattdessen dient Gilroys intuitive Hinwendung zu Benjamin als Ausgangspunkt für die Suche nach einer Alternative zu der in Europa bis heute bestimmenden Geschichtsschreibung aus der Warte der Sieger.
Although throughout the history of anthropology the ethnography of urban societies was never an important topic, investigations on cities in Africa contributed to the early theoretical development of urban studies in social sciences. As the ethnography of rural migrants in towns made clear, cultural diversity and creativity are foundational and permanent elements of urban cultures in Africa (and beyond). Currently, two new aspects complement these insights: 1) Different forms of mobility have received a new awareness through the concept of transnationalism. They are much more complex, including not only rural–urban migration, but also urban–urban migration, and migrations with a destination beyond the continent. 2) Urban life-worlds also include the appropriation of globally circulating images and lifestyles, which contribute substantially to the current cultural dynamics of cities in Africa. These two aspects are the reasons for the high complexity of urban contexts in Africa. Therefore, whether it is still appropriate to speak about the “locality” of these life-worlds has become questionable. At the same time, these new aspects explain the self-consciousness of members of urban cultures in Africa. They contribute to the expansive character of these societies and to the impression that cities in Africa host the most innovative and creative societies worldwide.