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This paper tries to present Ernst Jüngerʼs perception of „the enemy“ in his first publication, the novellike, personal report on his experiences in WW I, „Storm of Steel“, published for the first time in 1920. Interestingly his characterization of the French, English, Scottish – and a squad of Indian – Soldiers varies in the different editions of this work, which suffered six to seven revisons (the last one for editing the opera omnia in 1978). While especially the 1924 edition had a nationalistic bias, as Jünger for example mocked on French civilization, such passages were eliminated during a revison in 1934. Generally, also in the earlier editions, Jüngerʼs approach towards describing the enemy is distinguished by high respect and an outmoded chevalersque ethos of a warrioar-caste, which was in WW I already part of the historical past. Only some traces of every-day racism, typical for the German imperial age, found its way also in the last editions: the description of colonial military forces (Moroccans, Indians).
This essay argues for the philosophical standing of Walter Benjamin’s early work and posits a deeper continuity between this early work as a philosopher and the subsequent development of his work as a writer. When these fragments are read in proper relation to each other, they reveal for the first time many of the key innovations of Benjamin as a philosopher, as well as his points of influence on Horkheimer and Adorno. His early ‘Program’ critiques the Enlightenment conception of experience as a means for gaining empirical knowledge, and announces the need for a new concept of experience. Benjamin follows through on this program with a method of philosophical enquiry that is by turns fragmentary and constellational, developing a series of provisional notions of experience, which form a constellation with one another: perception, mimesis, language as a medium of experience, observation and memory.
Als Ausgangspunkt dieser Arbeit dienen Ansätze, die eine narrative Perspektive für das Verständnis von Psychopathologie und die psychotherapeutische Praxis vorschlagen. Im Hinblick auf die Fragen, welche Vorteile die Analyse von Patient*innenerzählungen bieten kann, und durch welche Merkmale psychopathologische Narrative sich auszeichnen, wird ein Überblick über ausgewählte Fallberichte, empirische Untersuchungen und theoretische Überlegungen gegeben. Diese werden unter den drei Kategorien Kohärenz, „Agency“ und Perspektiven beschrieben. Die Arbeit mag einen Impuls geben, ein tieferes Verständnis für narrative Dysfunktionen zu entwickeln und ihre Ursprünge sowie ihre Bedeutung für psychische Störungen und deren Behandlung vermitteln.
Beyond well-established difficulties with working memory in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), evidence is emerging that other memory processes may also be affected. We investigated, first, which memory processes show differences in adults and adolescents with ADHD in comparison to control participants, focusing on working and short-term memory, initial learning, interference, delayed and recognition memory. Second, we investigated whether ADHD severity, co-occurring depressive symptoms, IQ and physical fitness are associated with the memory performance in the individuals with ADHD.
We assessed 205 participants with ADHD (mean age 25.8 years, SD 7.99) and 50 control participants (mean age 21.1 years, SD 5.07) on cognitive tasks including the digit span forward (DSF) and backward (DSB), the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and the vocabulary and matrix reasoning subtests of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Participants with ADHD were additionally assessed on ADHD severity, depression symptoms and cardiorespiratory fitness. A series of regressions were run, with sensitivity analyses performed when variables were skewed.
ADHD-control comparisons were significant for DSF, DSB, delayed and recognition memory, with people with ADHD performing less well than the control participants. The result for recognition memory was no longer significant in sensitivity analysis. Memory performance was not associated with greater ADHD or depression symptoms severity. IQ was positively associated with all memory variables except DSF. Cardiorespiratory fitness was negatively associated with the majority of RAVLT variables.
Individuals with ADHD showed difficulties with working memory, short-term memory and delayed memory, as well as a potential difficulty with recognition memory, despite preserved initial learning.
Despite the recent popularity of predictive processing models of brain function, the term prediction is often instantiated very differently across studies. These differences in definition can substantially change the type of cognitive or neural operation hypothesised and thus have critical implications for the corresponding behavioural and neural correlates during visual perception. Here, we propose a five-dimensional scheme to characterise different parameters of prediction. Namely, flow of information, mnemonic origin, specificity, complexity, and temporal precision. We describe these dimensions and provide examples of their application to previous work. Such a characterisation not only facilitates the integration of findings across studies, but also helps stimulate new research questions.
"Literatur als Erinnerungsspeicher" : die Erzählung "In der Nachbarschaft" von Joachim Wittstock
(2009)
Memory has established itself as an important paradigm in many different sciences since the 1980s, as also in literature. Memories form and stabilize identity and are therefore indispensable for individuals and communities. Literature, as a memory medium, has an important role in the transition from individual recollections to collective memory. It is a storage medium. Narrations make others’ experiences understandable; they fix memories and so make the transition into cultural memory possible. The narration „In der Nachbarschaft“ (In the neighbourhood) by Joachim Wittstock serves as a good example of this. Written in the style of a diary, it allows the reader to experience the hours and days of the upheaval in 1989. Collective experiences are recorded, such as the demonstrations, as well as the very personal impressions of Joachim Wittstock. Through the narration the recipient can comprehend both. The memories exist beyond their carrier.
Can reenactments be a way to create counter-narratives in and for the museum? Through the analysis of political performance (or what the artist Tania Bruguera calls 'political-timing-specific' artworks), this essay discusses the potential of reenactment as both a practice of materializing memories and narratives of oppression and of rethinking museum policies in terms of preservation and display. Its main argument is that, while the archive can be regarded as a form of materializing the memory of these works, reenactment is more than a way of recovering the past; it is also a device for reconstructing memories of activism and oppression. This essay further suggests that reenactments of political-timing-specific works demand a change in accessioning, conservation, and presentation practices, which might be inclined to erase decentralized art-historical and material narratives.
Este artigo propõe-se a analisar a trajetória do escritor austríaco Fritz Kalmar e seu conto "Der Austrospinner" ("O austro-louco"), incluído na antologia "Das Herz europaschwer", de 1997, à luz das identidades surgidas no contexto da emancipação e da assimilação judaicas na Áustria. Georg von Winternitz, protagonista desta narrativa, encarna, em seu exílio boliviano, os fundamentos de uma identidade austríaca cultivada na velha Monarquia Habsburga, legatária do Sacro Império Romano Germânico, e organiza sua existência no novo país de acordo com valores éticos e com princípios católicos, humanistas e universalistas, cultivados, sobretudo, por literatos austríacos do fim do século XIX e do início do século XX, que se dedicaram à construção da identidade imperial austríaca. Esse sistema de valores, particularmente caro aos judeus austríacos da época do Kaiser Franz Josef, revela uma surpreendente sobrevida nos Andes bolivianos depois de 1938. Ao adotar um menino indígena que está em vias de tornar-se um ladrão, esse personagem não só pretende educá-lo como, sobretudo, pretende fazer dele "um austríaco", o que significa, para o personagem, nele instilar um sistema de valores vinculado à extinta Áustria imperial. A discussão sobre esse conceito, "o austríaco", presente na literatura austríaca do século XIX e do início do século XX, é trazida à tona para tentar compreender o que se encontra por trás deste projeto. Para além dessa questão surge, ao longo da narrativa, uma alusão ao fato de que tanto o narrador quanto o protagonista da narrativa são descendentes de judeus que também "se tornaram" austríacos. "Tornar-se austríaco", assim, e com isto o conceito de 'gelernter Österreicher', temas inextricavelmente ligados ao processo de emancipação e assimilação judaica na Áustria do século XIX, são questões que ressurgem, de forma distópica e anacrônica, na Bolívia dos anos 1950, na trajetória de Kalmar tanto quanto na de seu personagem.
The de-constitution of the 'I' is at the centre of Manuele Gragnolati's essay 'Differently Queer: Temporality, Aesthetics, and Sexuality in Pier Paolo Pasolini's "Petrolio" and Elsa Morante's "Aracoeli"'. The essay explores the relationship between temporality, aesthetics, and sexuality in the final novels of two twentieth-century Italian authors: Pasolini's "Petrolio" (1972–75) and Morante's "Aracoeli" (1982). Both novels mobilize a form of temporality that resists a sense of linear and teleological development and that instead appears contorted, inverted, and suspended. The article argues that both novels thereby allow for the articulation of queer desires and pleasures that cannot be inscribed in normative logics of completion, progression, or productivity. It shows how the aesthetics of Pasolini's and Morante's texts replicate the movement of queer subjectivity and dismantle the traditional structure of the novel but do so differently. The fractured and dilated movement of "Petrolio's" textuality corresponds to a post-Oedipal and fully formed subject who is haunted by his complicity with bourgeois power and wants to shatter and annihilate himself by replicating the paradoxical pleasure of non-domesticated sexuality. "Aracoeli", by contrast, has a 'formless form' ('forma senza forma') that corresponds to the position of never completing the process of subject formation by adapting to the symbolic order. The poetic operation of Morante's novel consists in staging an interior journey, backwards along the traces of memory and the body and at the same time forward towards embracing the partiality and fluidity of an inter-subjectivity that is always in the process of becoming.