Refine
Document Type
- Article (15)
- Doctoral Thesis (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (16)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (16)
Keywords
- Biomarkers (16) (remove)
Institute
- Medizin (13)
- Biowissenschaften (3)
- Pharmazie (1)
Toxicogenomic differentiation of functional responses to fipronil and imidacloprid in Daphnia magna
(2021)
Active substances of pesticides, biocides or pharmaceuticals can induce adverse side effects in the aquatic ecosystem, necessitating environmental hazard and risk assessment prior to substance registration. The freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna is a model organism for acute and chronic toxicity assessment representing aquatic invertebrates. However, standardized tests involving daphnia are restricted to the endpoints immobility and reproduction and thus provide only limited insights into the underlying modes-of-action. Here, we applied transcriptome profiling to a modified D. magna Acute Immobilization test to analyze and compare gene expression profiles induced by the GABA-gated chloride channel blocker fipronil and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist imidacloprid. Daphnids were expose to two low effect concentrations of each substance followed by RNA sequencing and functional classification of affected gene ontologies and pathways. For both insecticides, we observed a concentration-dependent increase in the number of differentially expressed genes, whose expression changes were highly significantly positively correlated when comparing both test concentrations. These gene expression fingerprints showed virtually no overlap between the test substances and they related well to previous data of diazepam and carbaryl, two substances targeting similar molecular key events. While, based on our results, fipronil predominantly interfered with molecular functions involved in ATPase-coupled transmembrane transport and transcription regulation, imidacloprid primarily affected oxidase and oxidoreductase activity. These findings provide evidence that systems biology approaches can be utilized to identify and differentiate modes-of-action of chemical stressors in D. magna as an invertebrate aquatic non-target organism. The mechanistic knowledge extracted from such data will in future contribute to the development of Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) for read-across and prediction of population effects.
Background: This study assessed the ability of mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) in comparison to conventional biomarkers (procalcitonin (PCT), lactate, C-reactive protein) and clinical scores to identify disease severity in patients with sepsis.
Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock across 33 German intensive care units. The association between biomarkers and clinical scores with mortality was assessed by Cox regression analysis, area under the receiver operating characteristic and Kaplan-Meier curves. Patients were stratified into three severity groups (low, intermediate, high) for all biomarkers and scores based on cutoffs with either a 90% sensitivity or specificity.
Results: 1089 patients with a 28-day mortality rate of 26.9% were analysed. According to the Sepsis-3 definition, 41.2% and 58.8% fulfilled the criteria for sepsis and septic shock, with respective mortality rates of 20.0% and 32.1%. MR-proADM had the strongest association with mortality across all Sepsis-1 and Sepsis-3 subgroups and could facilitate a more accurate classification of low (e.g. MR-proADM vs. SOFA: N = 265 vs. 232; 9.8% vs. 13.8% mortality) and high (e.g. MR-proADM vs. SOFA: N = 161 vs. 155; 55.9% vs. 41.3% mortality) disease severity. Patients with decreasing PCT concentrations of either ≥ 20% (baseline to day 1) or ≥ 50% (baseline to day 4) but continuously high MR-proADM concentrations had a significantly increased mortality risk (HR (95% CI): 19.1 (8.0–45.9) and 43.1 (10.1–184.0)).
Conclusions: MR-proADM identifies disease severity and treatment response more accurately than established biomarkers and scores, adding additional information to facilitate rapid clinical decision-making and improve personalised sepsis treatment.
Serum levels of bone sialoprotein correlate with portal pressure in patients with liver cirrhosis
(2020)
Liver cirrhosis represents the common end-stage of chronic liver diseases regardless of its etiology. Patients with compensated disease are mostly asymptomatic, however, progression to a decompensated disease stage is common. The available stratification strategies are often unsuitable to identify patients with a higher risk for disease progression and a limited prognosis. SIBLINGs, soluble glycophosphoproteins, are secreted into the blood by immune-cells. While osteopontin, the most prominent member of the SIBLINGs family, has been repeatedly associated with liver cirrhosis, data on the diagnostic and/or prognostic value of bone sialoprotein (BSP) are scarce and partly inconclusive. In this study, we analyzed the diagnostic and prognostic potential of circulating BSP in comparison to other standard laboratory markers in a large cohort of patients with liver cirrhosis receiving transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Serum levels of BSP were similar in patients with different disease stages and were not indicative for prognosis. Interestingly, BSP serum levels did correlate inversely with portal pressure, as well as its surrogates such as platelet count, the portal vein cross-sectional area and correlated positively with the portal venous velocity. In summary, our data highlight that BSP might represent a previously unrecognized marker for portal hypertension in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Hypomethylating agents decitabine and azacytidine are regarded as interchangeable in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, their mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood, and predictive biomarkers for HMA efficacy are lacking. Here, we show that the bioactive metabolite decitabine triphosphate, but not azacytidine triphosphate, functions as activator and substrate of the triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 and is subject to SAMHD1-mediated inactivation. Retrospective immunohistochemical analysis of bone marrow specimens from AML patients at diagnosis revealed that SAMHD1 expression in leukemic cells inversely correlates with clinical response to decitabine, but not to azacytidine. SAMHD1 ablation increases the antileukemic activity of decitabine in AML cell lines, primary leukemic blasts, and xenograft models. AML cells acquire resistance to decitabine partly by SAMHD1 up-regulation. Together, our data suggest that SAMHD1 is a biomarker for the stratified use of hypomethylating agents in AML patients and a potential target for the treatment of decitabine-resistant leukemia.
Die heutige moderne Toxikologie ist dem 3-R-Prinzip (Russel und Burch, 1959), einem Konzept zur Verminderung und Verkürzung von Tierversuchen, verpflichtet. Allerdings stellt insbesondere die für die Zulassung und Registrierung neuer Arzneistoffe oder Chemikalien behördlich geforderte Prüfung von Substanzen auf kanzerogene Eigenschaften immer noch einen langwierigen Prozess mit einem hohen Bedarf an Versuchstieren dar. Daher sollte unter dem Einsatz von Methoden der Proteomforschung eine Identifizierung und Charakterisierung neuer Protein-Biomarker erfolgen, die eine verbesserte Vorhersage von Prozessen der chemisch induzierten Leberkanzerogenese erlauben. Motivation für diese Arbeiten war die Annahme, dass durch chemische Substanzen angestoßene molekulare Prozesse mit proteinanalytischen Methoden früher detektierbar sind als dies mit konventionellen toxikologischen Methoden möglich ist, welche vor allem die Prüfung von Substanzen im Tierversuch mit anschließender histopathologischer und klinisch-biochemischer Bewertung der toxischen Effekte vorsehen. Die Untersuchungen sollten Aufschluss darüber geben, ob Proteomstudien die traditionelle Toxikologie mit einer verbesserten, insbesondere verkürzten Erkennung und Aufklärung toxischer Wirkmechanismen unterstützen können. In der Zukunft würde dies eine signifikante Verkürzung und Verbesserung von Tierversuchen bedingen, verbunden mit einer Verringerung der Anzahl an Versuchstieren und letztlich einer Einsparung von Kosten und Zeit. N-Nitrosomorpholin (NNM), ein bekanntes Leberkanzerogen, diente als Modellsubstanz zur Abbildung des Kanzerogeneseprozesses. Zur Induktion von Lebertumoren sowie frühen präneoplastischen Veränderungen wurden Ratten in zwei Tierstudien über definierte Zeiträume mit zwei unterschiedlichen Dosierungen NNM behandelt. Das nach verschiedenen Behandlungszeitpunkten gewonnene Lebergewebe diente als Ausgangsmaterial für die nachfolgenden proteomischen Analysen. Dazu kam vor allem die zweidimensionale Gelelektrophorese (2-DE) zum Einsatz, gefolgt von MALDI-Massenspektrometrie (MS) zur Identifizierung differentiell exprimierter Proteine. Ausserdem wurden aus den Leberproteinextrakten unter Einsatz der SELDI (Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption and Ionisation)-Technologie Proteinprofile erstellt und für die verschiedenen durch NNM-Behandlung aufgetretenen Leberveränderungen charakteristische Signalmuster ermittelt. Das Potential der iTRAQ-Technologie, einer MS-basierten Quantifizierungsstrategie wurde in einem weitergehenden Schritt ermittelt. Mittels 2-DE/MS-Analyse konnten einerseits Proteine identifiziert werden, deren vermehrte Expression die nach einem Tag der Behandlung mit NNM ausgelösten akut toxischen Effekte der Chemikalie in der Leber reflektierten. Andererseits lieferte die Analyse von Proben, in denen nach 25 Wochen Lebertumore diagnostiziert wurden, differentiell exprimierte Proteine, die als Tumor-spezifische Markerproteine charakterisiert werden konnten. Im Hinblick auf das vorrangige Ziel der Arbeit, neue Biomarker zu identifizieren, die schon zu einem frühen Zeitpunkt des Tierversuchs bereits einsetzende kanzerogene Prozesse aufzeigen und damit in der Zukunft einen Beitrag leisten könnten, konventionelle toxikologische Prüfmethoden zu unterstützen oder gar zu verkürzen, erfolgte eine Fokussierung der Analyse auf Proben von Tieren, die drei Wochen lang mit NNM behandelt wurden. Bereits zu diesem Zeitpunkt wurden Proteine detektiert, deren Deregulation mit frühen Prozessen der Leberkanzerogenese in Einklang gebracht werden konnte. Vor allem 18 Proteine, die sich in den Proben nach drei Wochen der NNM-Behandlung wie auch in dem Gewebe von Tieren mit Tumoren als dereguliert erwiesen, wurden als potentielle frühe Biomarker mit einem enormen Potential zur verbesserten Vorhersage von Leberkanzerogenese charakterisiert. Um die durch 2-DE/MS-Analyse ermittelten potentiellen frühen Biomarker in ihrem detektierten Regulationsmuster zu bestätigen und damit das Vertrauen in die 2-DE/MS-Ergebnisse zu erhöhen, erfolgte eine Prävalidierung der Markerproteine mit unabhängigen Methoden. Hierfür wurde der immunologische Nachweis der Proteine in Form des Western Blottings sowie eine MS-basierte Quantifizierung unter Anwendung der iTRAQ-Technik herangezogen. Des Weiteren eröffnete die Integration der Arbeit in ein Verbundprojekt die Möglichkeit zum Vergleich der Proteinexpressionsdaten mit den Ergebnissen der globalen Genexpressionsanalyse, die bei einem Projektpartner durchgeführt wurde. Während durch Western Blotting nur wenige der 18 potentiellen frühen 2-DE/MS-Biomarker in ihrer nach drei Wochen Behandlung beobachteten Regulation bestätigt werden konnten, wurden durch Einsatz der iTRAQ-Technik 11 der Biomarker verifiziert und damit der Wert dieser Quantifizierungsstrategie für den Ansatz der Prävalidierung unterstrichen. Der Abgleich mit den Genexpressionsdaten legte für 63% der Proteine eine übereinstimmende Deregulation auf Genniveau offen. Insgesamt wurden 13 der 18 potentiellen frühen 2-DE/MS-Biomarker durch mindestens eine weitere unabhängige Technologie in ihrer im 2-DE-Gel beobachteten Expressionsveränderung bestätigt. Zusammenfassend lieferte die 2-DE/MS-Analyse des durch NNM veränderten Lebergewebes zahlreiche Protein-Biomarker, die auf molekularer Ebene sowohl frühe als auch späte Stadien der Leberkanzerogenese reflektieren. Vor allem die charakterisierten potentiellen frühen Biomarkern weisen ein signifikantes Potential auf, in der Zukunft konventionelle toxikologische Prüfsysteme zu unterstützen und möglicherweise einen Beitrag zur Verkürzung von Tierstudien und damit zur Einsparung von Versuchstieren zu leisten. Durch Prävalidierung der meisten der frühen Markerproteine durch unabhängige Methoden wurde dieses Potential als auch der Wert von Methoden der Proteomforschung zur allgemeinen Unterstützung der prädiktiven Toxikologie noch einmal unterstrichen.
Background: Peritonitis is responsible for thousands of deaths annually in Germany alone. Even source control (SC) and antibiotic treatment often fail to prevent severe sepsis or septic shock, and this situation has hardly improved in the past two decades. Most experimental immunomodulatory therapeutics for sepsis have been aimed at blocking or dampening a specific pro-inflammatory immunological mediator. However, the patient collective is large and heterogeneous. There are therefore grounds for investigating the possibility of developing personalized therapies by classifying patients into groups according to biomarkers. This study aims to combine an assessment of the efficacy of treatment with a preparation of human immunoglobulins G, A, and M (IgGAM) with individual status of various biomarkers (immunoglobulin level, procalcitonin, interleukin 6, antigen D-related human leucocyte antigen (HLA-DR), transcription factor NF-κB1, adrenomedullin, and pathogen spectrum).
Methods/design: A total of 200 patients with sepsis or septic shock will receive standard-of-care treatment (SoC). Of these, 133 patients (selected by 1:2 randomization) will in addition receive infusions of IgGAM for 5 days. All patients will be followed for approximately 90 days and assessed by the multiple-organ failure (MOF) score, by the EQ QLQ 5D quality-of-life scale, and by measurement of vital signs, biomarkers (as above), and survival.
Discussion: This study is intended to provide further information on the efficacy and safety of treatment with IgGAM and to offer the possibility of correlating these with the biomarkers to be studied. Specifically, it will test (at a descriptive level) the hypothesis that patients receiving IgGAM who have higher inflammation status (IL-6) and poorer immune status (low HLA-DR, low immunoglobulin levels) have a better outcome than patients who do not receive IgGAM. It is expected to provide information that will help to close the knowledge gap concerning the association between the effect of IgGAM and the presence of various biomarkers, thus possibly opening the way to a personalized medicine.
Trial registration: EudraCT, 2016–001788-34; ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03334006. Registered on 17 Nov 2017.
Trial sponsor: RWTH Aachen University, represented by the Center for Translational & Clinical Research Aachen (contact Dr. S. Isfort).
Background: The application of chemical dispersants is a common remediation strategy when accidental oil spills occur in aquatic environments. Breaking down the oil slick into small droplets, dispersants facilitate the increase of particulate and dissolved oil compounds, enhancing the bioavailability of toxic oil constituents. The aim of the present work was to explore the effects of water accommodated fractions (WAF) of a naphthenic North Sea crude oil produced with and without the addition of the chemical dispersant FINASOL OSR 52 to adult zebrafish exposed for 3 and 21 d. Fish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of 5% and 25% WAFOIL (1:200) and to 5% WAFOIL+D (dispersant–oil ratio 1:10) in a semi-static exposure setup. Results: The chemically dispersed WAF presented a 20-fold increase of target polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water phase compared to the corresponding treatment without dispersant and was the only treatment resulting in markedly bioaccumulation of PAHs in carcass after 21 d compared to the control. Furthermore, only 5% WAFOIL+D caused fish mortality. In general, the undispersed oil treatments did not lead to significant effects compared to control, while the dispersed oil induced significant alterations at gene transcription and enzyme activity levels. Significant up-regulation of biotransformation and oxidative stress response genes (cyp1a, gstp1, sod1 and gpx1a) was recorded in the livers. For the same group, a significant increment in EROD activity was detected in liver along with significant increased GST and CAT activities in gills. The addition of the chemical dispersant also reduced brain AChE activity and showed a potential genotoxic effect as indicated by the increased frequency of micronuclei in erythrocytes after 21 d of exposure. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the addition of chemical dispersants accentuates the effect of toxic compounds present in oil as it increases PAH bioavailability resulting in diverse alterations on different levels of biological organization in zebrafish. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance to combine multilevel endpoints for a reliable risk assessment due to high variable biomarker responses. The present results of dispersant impact on oil toxicity can support decision making for oil spill response strategies.
Background: The progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia can be predicted by cognitive, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers. Since most biomarkers reveal complementary information, a combination of biomarkers may increase the predictive power. We investigated which combination of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)-sum-of-boxes, the word list delayed free recall from the Consortium to Establish a Registry of Dementia (CERAD) test battery, hippocampal volume (HCV), amyloid-beta1–42 (Aβ42), amyloid-beta1–40 (Aβ40) levels, the ratio of Aβ42/Aβ40, phosphorylated tau, and total tau (t-Tau) levels in the CSF best predicted a short-term conversion from MCI to AD dementia.
Methods: We used 115 complete datasets from MCI patients of the "Dementia Competence Network", a German multicenter cohort study with annual follow-up up to 3 years. MCI was broadly defined to include amnestic and nonamnestic syndromes. Variables known to predict progression in MCI patients were selected a priori. Nine individual predictors were compared by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. ROC curves of the five best two-, three-, and four-parameter combinations were analyzed for significant superiority by a bootstrapping wrapper around a support vector machine with linear kernel. The incremental value of combinations was tested for statistical significance by comparing the specificities of the different classifiers at a given sensitivity of 85%.
Results: Out of 115 subjects, 28 (24.3%) with MCI progressed to AD dementia within a mean follow-up period of 25.5 months. At baseline, MCI-AD patients were no different from stable MCI in age and gender distribution, but had lower educational attainment. All single biomarkers were significantly different between the two groups at baseline. ROC curves of the individual predictors gave areas under the curve (AUC) between 0.66 and 0.77, and all single predictors were statistically superior to Aβ40. The AUC of the two-parameter combinations ranged from 0.77 to 0.81. The three-parameter combinations ranged from AUC 0.80–0.83, and the four-parameter combination from AUC 0.81–0.82. None of the predictor combinations was significantly superior to the two best single predictors (HCV and t-Tau). When maximizing the AUC differences by fixing sensitivity at 85%, the two- to four-parameter combinations were superior to HCV alone.
Conclusion: A combination of two biomarkers of neurodegeneration (e.g., HCV and t-Tau) is not superior over the single parameters in identifying patients with MCI who are most likely to progress to AD dementia, although there is a gradual increase in the statistical measures across increasing biomarker combinations. This may have implications for clinical diagnosis and for selecting subjects for participation in clinical trials.
Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is a major threat to global health security. In 2017, only 50% of patients with MDR-TB who received WHO-recommended treatment were cured. Most MDR-TB patients who recover continue to suffer from functional disability due to long-term lung damage. Whilst new MDR-TB treatment regimens are becoming available, conventional drug therapies need to be complemented with host-directed therapies (HDTs) to reduce tissue damage and improve functional treatment outcomes. This viewpoint highlights recent data on biomarkers, immune cells, circulating effector molecules and genetics which could be utilised for developing personalised HDTs. Novel technologies currently used for cancer therapy which could facilitate in-depth understanding of host genetics and the microbiome in patients with MDR-TB are discussed. Against this background, personalised cell-based HDTs for adjunct MDR-TB treatment to improve clinical outcomes are proposed as a possibility for complementing standard therapy and other HDT agents. Insights into the molecular biology of the mechanisms of action of cellular HDTs may also aid to devise non-cell-based therapies targeting defined inflammatory pathway(s) in Mtb-driven immunopathology.
Evaluation of INSTAND e.V.’s external quality assessment for C-reactive protein and procalcitonin
(2019)
Background: The purpose of this paper was to analyze the general diagnostic strength and performance of in vitro diagnostics for C-reactive protein and procalcitonin based on the results of external quality assessment schemes (EQAs).
Methods: We analyzed qualitative and quantitative data on both markers collected by the Society for Promotion Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories (INSTAND e.V.) from 20 EQAs. The C-reactive protein evaluation was method-specific and the procalcitonin evaluation manufacturer-specific (pseudonymized). Coefficients of variation were determined in order to evaluate interlaboratory comparability and the performance of individual laboratories during the analyzed period was examined.
Results: Overall most of our participants were able to correctly distinguish the positive from the negative samples, but we occasionally observed also false-positive results for the immunological detection of C-reactive protein. For the semi-quantitative results of C-reactive protein we observed an overall median difference below 5% except for dry chemistry methods (≤ 21%). For procalcitonin two manufacturer collectives showed a good comparability, while one manufacturer detected up to 42% higher results. The coefficients of variation are promising for both analytes even though they surpass the manufacturer’s indication for some collectives. The performance of individual laboratories during the analyzed period was more stable for C-reactive protein than for procalcitonin.
Conclusion: In-vitro diagnostic testing for C-reactive protein and procalcitonin showed promising results in our EQAs but still further improvements are needed. We recommend stepping up research on reference measurement methods for both parameters to possibly enhancing the accuracy and diagnostic strength of such assays.