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Background: Abnormalities of heart rate (HR) and its variability are characteristic of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, circadian rhythm is rarely taken into account when statistically exploring state or trait markers for depression. Methods: A 4-day electrocardiogram was recorded for 16 treatment-resistant patients with MDD and 16 age- and sex-matched controls before, and for the patient group only, after a single treatment with the rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine or placebo (clinical trial registration available on https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ with EUDRACT number 2016-001715-21). Circadian rhythm differences of HR and the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) were compared between groups and were explored for classification purposes. Baseline HR/RMSSD were tested as predictors for treatment response, and physiological measures were assessed as state markers. Results: Patients showed higher HR and lower RMSSD alongside marked reductions in HR amplitude and RMSSD variation throughout the day. Excellent classification accuracy was achieved using HR during the night, particularly between 2 and 3 a.m. (90.6%). A positive association between baseline HR and treatment response (r = 0.55, p = 0.046) pointed toward better treatment outcome in patients with higher HR. Heart rate also decreased significantly following treatment but was not associated with improved mood after a single infusion of ketamine. Limitations: Our study had a limited sample size, and patients were treated with concomitant antidepressant medication. Conclusion: Patients with depression show a markedly reduced amplitude for HR and dysregulated RMSSD fluctuation. Higher HR and lower RMSSD in depression remain intact throughout a 24-h day, with the highest classification accuracy during the night. Baseline HR levels show potential for treatment response prediction but did not show potential as state markers in this study.
Fitness and exercise may counteract the detrimental metabolic and mood adaptations during prolonged sitting. This study distinguishes the immediate effects of a single bout vs. work-load and intensity-matched repeated exercise breaks on subjective well-being, blood glucose, and insulin response (analyzed as area under the curve) during sedentary time; and assesses the influence of fitness and caloric intake on metabolic alterations during sedentariness. Eighteen women underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing and three 4 h sitting interventions: two exercise interventions (70% VO2max, 30 min, cycle ergometer: (1) cycling prior to sitting; (2) sitting interrupted by 5 × 6 min cycling), and one control condition (sitting). Participants consumed one meal with ad libitum quantity (caloric intake), but standardized macronutrient proportion. Exercise breaks (4057 ± 2079 μU/mL·min) reduced insulin values compared to a single bout of exercise (5346 ± 5000 μU/mL·min) and the control condition (6037 ± 3571 μU/mL·min) (p ≤ 0.05). ANCOVA revealed moderating effects of caloric intake (519 ± 211 kilocalories) (p ≤ 0.01), but no effects of cardiorespiratory fitness (41.3 ± 4.2 mL/kg/min). Breaks also led to lower depression, but higher arousal compared to a no exercise control (p ≤ 0.05). Both exercise trials led to decreased agitation (p ≤ 0.05). Exercise prior to sitting led to greater peace of mind during sedentary behavior (p ≤ 0.05). Just being fit or exercising prior to sedentary behavior are not feasible to cope with acute detrimental metabolic changes during sedentary behavior. Exercise breaks reduce the insulin response to a meal. Despite their vigorous intensity, breaks are perceived as positive stimulus. Detrimental metabolic changes during sedentary time could also be minimized by limiting caloric intake.
Risk stratification for bipolar disorder using polygenic risk scores among young high-risk adults
(2020)
Objective: Identifying high-risk groups with an increased genetic liability for bipolar disorder (BD) will provide insights into the etiology of BD and contribute to early detection of BD. We used the BD polygenic risk score (PRS) derived from BD genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to explore how such genetic risk manifests in young, high-risk adults. We postulated that BD-PRS would be associated with risk factors for BD.
Methods: A final sample of 185 young, high-risk German adults (aged 18–35 years) were grouped into three risk groups and compared to a healthy control group (n = 1,100). The risk groups comprised 117 cases with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 45 with major depressive disorder (MDD), and 23 help-seeking adults with early recognition symptoms [ER: positive family history for BD, (sub)threshold affective symptomatology and/or mood swings, sleeping disorder]. BD-PRS was computed for each participant. Logistic regression models (controlling for sex, age, and the first five ancestry principal components) were used to assess associations of BD-PRS and the high-risk phenotypes.
Results: We observed an association between BD-PRS and combined risk group status (OR = 1.48, p < 0.001), ADHD diagnosis (OR = 1.32, p = 0.009), MDD diagnosis (OR = 1.96, p < 0.001), and ER group status (OR = 1.7, p = 0.025; not significant after correction for multiple testing) compared to healthy controls.
Conclusions: In the present study, increased genetic risk for BD was a significant predictor for MDD and ADHD status, but not for ER. These findings support an underlying shared risk for both MDD and BD as well as ADHD and BD. Improving our understanding of the underlying genetic architecture of these phenotypes may aid in early identification and risk stratification.
Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of psychological interventions to foster resilience. However, little is known about whether the cultural context in which resilience interventions are implemented affects their efficacy on mental health. Studies performed in Western (k = 175) and Eastern countries (k = 46) regarding different aspects of interventions (setting, mode of delivery, target population, underlying theoretical approach, duration, control group design) and their efficacy on resilience, anxiety, depressive symptoms, quality of life, perceived stress, and social support were compared. Interventions in Eastern countries were longer in duration and tended to be more often conducted in group settings with a focus on family caregivers. We found evidence for larger effect sizes of resilience interventions in Eastern countries for improving resilience (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28 to 0.67; p < 0.0001; 43 studies; 6248 participants; I2 = 97.4%). Intercultural differences should receive more attention in resilience intervention research. Future studies could directly compare interventions in different cultural contexts to explain possible underlying causes for differences in their efficacy on mental health outcomes.
Background: Obesity and depression are both associated with changes in sleep/wake regulation, with potential implications for individualized treatment especially in comorbid individuals suffering from both. However, the associations between obesity, depression, and subjective, questionnaire-based and objective, EEG-based measurements of sleepiness used to assess disturbed sleep/wake regulation in clinical practice are not well known.
Objectives: The study investigates associations between sleep/wake regulation measures based on self-reported subjective questionnaires and EEG-derived measurements of sleep/wake regulation patterns with depression and obesity and how/whether depression and/or obesity affect associations between such self-reported subjective questionnaires and EEG-derived measurements.
Methods: Healthy controls (HC, NHC = 66), normal-weighted depressed (DEP, NDEP = 16), non-depressed obese (OB, NOB = 68), and obese depressed patients (OBDEP, NOBDEP = 43) were included from the OBDEP (Obesity and Depression, University Leipzig, Germany) study. All subjects completed standardized questionnaires related to daytime sleepiness (ESS), sleep quality and sleep duration once as well as questionnaires related to situational sleepiness (KSS, SSS, VAS) before and after a 20 min resting state EEG in eyes-closed condition. EEG-based measurements of objective sleepiness were extracted by the VIGALL algorithm. Associations of subjective sleepiness with objective sleepiness and moderating effects of obesity, depression, and additional confounders were investigated by correlation analyses and regression analyses.
Results: Depressed and non-depressed subgroups differed significantly in most subjective sleepiness measures, while obese and non-obese subgroups only differed significantly in few. Objective sleepiness measures did not differ significantly between the subgroups. Moderating effects of obesity and/or depression on the associations between subjective and objective measures of sleepiness were rarely significant, but associations between subjective and objective measures of sleepiness in the depressed subgroup were systematically weaker when patients comorbidly suffered from obesity than when they did not.
Conclusion: This study provides some evidence that both depression and obesity can affect the association between objective and subjective sleepiness. If confirmed, this insight may have implications for individualized diagnosis and treatment approaches in comorbid depression and obesity.
Menschen mit Epilepsie (engl. PWE) haben im Vergleich zur Allgemeinbevölkerung ein erhöhtes Risiko, vorzeitig zu versterben. Der plötzliche, unerwartete Tod bei Epilepsie (engl. Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy, kurz SUDEP) stellt die häufigste epilepsiebedingte Todesursache dar. Obwohl das Thema in Fachkreisen zunehmende Aufmerksamkeit erfährt, die Empfehlung zur SUDEP Aufklärung zunehmend in nationalen Leitlinien aufgenommen wird, und der Patientenwunsch nach einer generellen SUDEP Aufklärung in verschiedenen Studien gezeigt werden konnte, besteht weiterhin ein Informationsdefizit unter PWE. Ursache hierfür scheint insbesondere die Sorge der behandelnden Neurolog*innen zu sein, Menschen mit Epilepsie übermäßig emotional zu belasten und ihre Lebensqualität zu mindern. Diese Studie untersucht sowohl das Vorwissen über SUDEP als auch unmittelbare sowie langfristige Auswirkungen einer SUDEP Aufklärung auf Erwachsene mit Epilepsie. Ziel ist mögliche negative Auswirkungen der Aufklärung sowie Auswirkungen auf das Verhalten aufzudecken. Aus diesem Zweck wählten wir ein prospektives, multizentrisches, longitudinales Studiendesign. Die Daten wurden in halbquantitativen Interviews vor (vor der Aufklärung), unmittelbar nach (nach der Aufklärung) und drei Monate nach (3-Monats Follow-up) der SUDEP Aufklärung erhoben. Um die direkte Vergleichbarkeit zwischen den Zeitpunkten zu ermöglichen wurden folgende validierte Instrumente verwendet: das Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) zur Erfassung depressiver Symptome, der EuroQoL (EQ-5D) zur Erfassung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität (HRQoL), eine visuelle Analogskala (VAS) zur Erfassung des allgemeinen Gesundheitszustandes, die revised Epilepsy Stigma Scale (rESS) zur Erfassung der wahrgenommenen Stigmatisierung und die Seizure Worry Scale zur Erfassung anfallsbezogener Sorgen. Insgesamt wurden 236 Teilnehmende (Durchschnittsalter: 39,3 Jahre, Spannweite: 18-77 Jahre, 51,7 % Frauen) in die Studie eingeschlossen. 205 (86,9 %) der Teilnehmenden konnten erneut im Langzeit Follow-up nach drei Monaten befragt werden. Eine der Teilnehmenden verstarb im Zeitraum des Follow-ups an SUDEP. Keines der validierten Instrumente zeigte zwischen den Zeitpunkten vor der Aufklärung und dem 3-Monats Follow-up eine Verschlechterung. Vor der Aufklärung hatten nur 27,5 % der Teilnehmenden von SUDEP gehört, und nur 9,3 % gaben an, diese Informationen von ihrer bzw. ihrem Neurolog*in erhalten zu haben. Nach der Aufklärung gaben mehr als 85 % der Teilnehmenden an, mit der SUDEP Aufklärung zufrieden oder sehr zufrieden zu sein. Drei Viertel der Teilnehmenden gaben an, durch die Aufklärung nicht oder überhaupt nicht belastet zu sein. Mehr als 80 % der Teilnehmenden befürworteten eine generelle SUDEP Aufklärung für alle Menschen mit Epilepsie. Bei dem 3-Monats Follow-up gab die Mehrheit der Teilnehmenden an, keine Verhaltensänderung vorgenommen zu haben, 24,8 % berichteten jedoch von starken Verhaltensänderungen.
Unsere Studie zeigt, dass eine SUDEP Aufklärung keine negativen Auswirkungen auf den allgemeinen Gesundheitszustand, die HRQoL, depressive Symptome, krankheitsbezogene Stigmatisierung oder Sorgen vor Anfällen hat. Insgesamt zeigte sich eine hohe Zustimmung zur SUDEP Aufklärung. Eine generelle SUDEP Aufklärung könnte sich zudem positiv auf die Compliance auswirken und das Mortalitätsrisiko senken. Eine SUDEP Aufklärung bietet allerdings keinen sicheren Schutz vor SUDEP.
Objective: Despite increased awareness of the serious epilepsy complication sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), a substantial population of people with epilepsy (PWE) remain poorly informed. Physicians indicate concern that SUDEP information may adversely affect patients' health and quality of life. We examined SUDEP awareness and the immediate and long-term effects of providing SUDEP information to PWE.
Methods: Baseline knowledge and behaviors among PWE and behavioral adjustments following the provision of SUDEP information were evaluated in a prospective, multicenter survey using the following validated scales: Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy for depression symptoms, the EuroQoL five-dimension scale for health-related quality of life (HRQoL), a visual analog scale for overall health, the revised Epilepsy Stigma Scale for perceived stigma, and the Seizure Worry Scale for seizure-related worries. The prospective study collected data through semiquantitative interviews before (baseline), immediately after, and 3 months after the provision of SUDEP information.
Results: In total, 236 participants (mean age = 39.3 years, range = 18-77 years, 51.7% women) were enrolled, and 205 (86.9%) completed long-term, 3-month follow-up. One patient died from SUDEP before follow-up. No worsening symptoms from baseline to 3-month follow-up were observed on any scale. At baseline, 27.5% of participants were aware of SUDEP. More than 85% of participants were satisfied with receiving SUDEP information. Three quarters of participants were not concerned by the information, and >80% of participants recommended the provision of SUDEP information to all PWE. Although most patients reported no behavioral adjustments, 24.8% reported strong behavioral adjustments at 3-month follow-up.
Significance: The provision of SUDEP information has no adverse effects on overall health, HRQoL, depressive symptoms, stigma, or seizure worry among PWE, who appreciate receiving information. SUDEP information provision might improve compliance among PWE and reduce but not eliminate the increased mortality risk.
Aims: The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of depression, anxiety, adjustment disorders, and somatoform disorders in patients diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in Germany.
Methods: This study included 7,580 patients between the ages of 40 and 90 diagnosed with AMD between January 2011 and December 2014 in 1,072 primary care practices (index date). The last follow-up was in July 2016. We also included 7,580 controls without AMD, which were matched (1:1) to the AMD cases by age, sex, type of health insurance (private or statutory), physician, and Charlson comorbidity score as a generic marker of comorbidity. The outcome of the study was the prevalence of depression, anxiety, adjustment disorders, and somatoform disorders recorded in the database between the index date and the end of follow-up.
Results: The mean age among subjects was 75.7 years (SD=10.1 years), 34.0% were men, and 7.8% had private health insurance coverage. The Charlson comorbidity index was 2.0 (SD=1.8). Depression was the most frequent disease (33.7% in AMD patients versus 27.3% in controls), followed by somatoform disorders (19.6% and 16.7%), adjustment disorders (14.8% and 10.5%), and anxiety disorders (11.7% and 8.2%). Depression (OR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.27–1.47), anxiety (OR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.35–1.67), adjustment disorders (OR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.36–1.65), and somatoform disorders (OR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.12–1.32) were all positively associated with AMD.
Conclusion: Overall, a significant association was found between AMD and depression, anxiety, adjustment disorders, and somatoform disorders.
Objectives: This study aimed to analyse and compare differences in occupational stress, depressive symptoms, work ability and working environment among residents working in various medical specialties.
Methods: 435 German hospital residents in medical training working in 6 different medical specialties participated in a cross-sectional survey study. Physicians were asked about their working conditions and aspects of mental health and work ability. The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire, the Work Ability Index, the ICD-10 Symptom Rating and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire were used to measure working conditions, mental health and work ability.
Results: Results show that up to 17% of the physicians reported high levels of occupational distress and 9% reported high levels of depressive symptoms. 11% of the hospital physicians scored low in work ability. Significant differences between medical specialties were demonstrated for occupational distress, depressive symptoms, work ability, job demands and job resources. Surgeons showed consistently the highest levels of perceived distress but also the highest levels of work ability and lowest scores for depression. Depressive symptoms were rated with the highest levels by anaesthesiologists. Significant associations between physicians’ working conditions, occupational distress and mental health-related aspects are illustrated.
Conclusions: Study results demonstrated significant differences in specific job stressors, demands and resources. Relevant relations between work factors and physicians' health and work ability are discussed. These findings should be reinvestigated in further studies, especially with a longitudinal study design. This work suggests that to ensure physicians' health, hospital management should plan and implement suitable mental health promotion strategies. In addition, operational efficiency through resource planning optimisation and work process improvements should be focused by hospital management.
Die peripartale Depression tritt während der Schwangerschaft und in den 12 Monaten nach der Geburt auf. Zusätzlich zu Symptomen einer depressiven Episode ist die peripartale Depression durch schwangerschafts- oder kindbezogene Symptome wie infantizidale Vorstellungen, Gefühlslosigkeit gegenüber dem Kind, Versagensängste oder Insuffizienzgefühle als Mutter gekennzeichnet. Die Prävalenz liegt bei 7 bis 10 % präpartal und 7 bis 20 % postpartal. Folge ist ein erhöhtes Risiko für frühzeitige Wehentätigkeit, geringes Geburtsgewicht, intrauterine Wachstumsstörungen, Verhaltensstörungen und gestörte kognitive Entwicklung des Kindes. Außerdem steigt die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Mutter und Kind, im weiteren Leben erneut an einer Depression zu erkranken. Therapieoptionen stehen insbesondere psychotherapeutische Verfahren wie Interpersonelle Psychotherapie und Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie und eine antidepressive Therapie zur Verfügung.
Ziel der Arbeit war es, die Publikationen zu Depression und Schwangerschaft nach szientometrischen Kriterien zu analysieren und Charakteristika und Tendenzen der Forschung zu erkennen und zu interpretieren.
Nach Definition des Suchbegriffes wurden mithilfe der Datenbank Web of Science bzw. Web of Science Core Collection alle Publikationen zu Depression im Rahmen der Schwangerschaft von 1900 bis 2012 inklusive aller bibliometrischer Daten analysiert. Die Daten wurden nach Bereinigung hinsichtlich qualitativer Gesichtspunkte und szientometrischer Parameter wie Zitierungen, Zitationsrate und modifiziertem h-Index der Publikationen, Autoren, Institutionen und Nationen untersucht. Dabei wurden zusätzlich Genderaspekte und sozioökonomische Faktoren berücksichtigt.
Insgesamt wurden 7.330 Veröffentlichungen zu Pregnancy and Depression analysiert. 95,9 % davon waren in englischer Sprache veröffentlicht. Seit 1982 konnte eine kontinuierliche Zunahme der jährlichen Publikationen verzeichnet werden. Die Zahl der Zitierungen stieg seit 1979 ebenso jährlich an. Dabei sank die Zitationsrate seit 1990. Besonders viele Arbeiten wurden im Journal of Affective Disorders und im Archives of Womens Mental Health veröffentlicht. Unter den Forschungseinrichtungen fielen die Harvard University und St. George’s, University of London durch besonders viele Publikationen auf.
Wichtigste Wissenschaftsstandorte waren die USA, Großbritannien, Australien und Kanada, was sich in den meisten Publikationen, Zitierungen und den höchsten modifizierten h Indizes äußerte, gefolgt von meist europäischen Staaten. Unter Berücksichtigung sozioökonomischer Faktoren ergaben sich mehrere Besonderheiten: Die skandinavischen Staaten Norwegen, Schweden und Finnland finden sich unter den produktivsten Ländern nach Bereinigung um die Bevölkerungszahl. Nationen mit mittlerem und niedrigem Einkommen (Low- and middle income countries = LAMICs) wie Pakistan, Südafrika und Äthiopien leisten einen relevanten Beitrag zur Forschung, berücksichtigt man das Bruttoinlandsprodukt oder die Zahl der Wissenschaftler. Internationale Kooperation dieser Nationen entstanden insbesondere mit Großbritan-nien. Durch diese Zusammenarbeit wurde einerseits auf die höhere Prävalenz von Perinataler Depression in Entwicklungs und Schwellenländern hingewiesen. Andererseits wurde die schwangerschaftsassoziierte Depression als wichtiges Element von Global Mental Health anerkannt.
Seit 1992 veröffentlichen pro Jahr mehr Frauen als Männer zu Peripartaler Depression. Die weibliche Autorenschaft liegt bei 63 %. Unter den produktivsten Wissenschaftlern sind 8 Autorinnen und 6 Autoren. Die produktivsten Autoren sind die US Amerikanerin K.L. Wisner und die Britin L. Murray. Letztere wurde am häufigsten zitiert und führt die Liste der modifizierten h Indizes mit einem Wert von 68 an. Für den britischen Autor und Begründer des Screening-Instruments Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) J.L. Cox wurde die höchste Zitationsrate berechnet.
Im Gegensatz zu Veröffentlichungen in gynäkologischen Fachzeitschriften oder szientometrischen Arbeiten zu psychiatrischen Erkrankungen wie Schizophrenie ist der Frauenanteil in allen untersuchten Teilbereichen dem Männeranteil überlegen. Einzige Ausnahme ist die Letztautorenschaft. Diese Ergebnisse stellen eine Besonderheit dar, da eine weibliche Dominanz der Wissenschaft im Schnittbereich zwischen Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik, Psychologie und Frauenheilkunde bisher nicht beschrieben ist.