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Kernarbeitszeit oder Überstunden – solche Begriffe tauchen heute in Arbeitsverträgen kaum noch auf. Ist ein Problem zu lösen, dann geschieht das eben auch nachts oder am Wochenende. 84 Prozent der Arbeitnehmer sind mit ihrem Smartphone auch außerhalb der Arbeitszeit im Standby-Modus. Flexible Arbeitszeiten und individualisierte Arbeitsmodelle bringen zwar dem Einzelnen mehr Freiheiten, um den Alltag seinen Lebensumständen anzupassen, führen aber auch zur Entgrenzung der Arbeit, nicht selten mit gravierenden sozialen und besonders gesundheitlichen Folgen.
Leuchtend Licht und liebliches Leben : über Zeit und Glück bei Walter Benjamin und Marcel Proust
(2017)
Wenn das menschliche Leben der Vergänglichkeit unterworfen ist, wie kann der Mensch dann Glück erfahren? Für Walter Benjamin offenbart sich Glück nur in kurzen Momenten als eine Erlösung von der linear fortschreitenden Zeit, und das geschieht in der Begegnung mit der Kunst. Marcel Proust sucht das Glück in der wiedergefundenen Zeit der Erinnerung – auch dies bleiben Erfahrungen des Augenblicks.
Die Blockchain hält nicht nur Banken, Börsen und ihre Aufseher in Atem. Auch Wissenschaftler der Goethe-Universität sind ganz vorne dabei, wenn es um diese neue Technologie und andere Varianten der Distributed-Ledger-Technologie geht. Zu deren vielfältigen Verheißungen zählt die Abwicklung von Geld- und Handelsgeschäften nahezu in Echtzeit.
Was Du heute kannst besorgen, das verschiebe nicht auf morgen: Dieser sprichwörtliche Rat kommt nicht von ungefähr. Viele von uns schieben oft wochenlang eine Aufgabe vor sich her – häufig mit schlechtem Gewissen. Doch woher kommt das ewige Aufschieben eigentlich? Wer ist davon betroffen? Und was kann man dagegen tun?
Dringlichkeiten geben häufig den Takt im Alltag vor. Denn Wettbewerbsdruck und damit verbundene Beschleunigung verändern nicht nur die Arbeitswelt, sondern auch den Familienalltag und die individuelle Lebensführung. Doch weshalb gewinnen im Umgang mit der Zeit Kriterien der Effizienz und "Rendite" so leicht an Bedeutung? Offenbar wird es keineswegs nur als leidvoll erlebt, sich daran anzupassen.
Jede Zeitnische will ausgefüllt sein mit Chatten, Spielen oder E-Mails-Abrufen. Zeit, die für das Innehalten und Durchatmen fehlt. Bestimmen die digitalen Medien unser Leben, begeben wir uns wie Geiseln in ihre Abhängigkeit? Oder ist es umgekehrt: Können wir überhaupt erst mit ihrer Hilfe ein selbstbestimmteres Leben führen?
Sie rast, sie schleicht, sie fließt, sie tröpfelt: Obwohl der Tag immer 24 Stunden hat, nehmen wir die Zeit sehr unterschiedlich wahr. In der Kindheit tickt die innere Uhr anders als in der Rushhour des Lebens oder kurz vor dem Tod. Aber nicht nur das Alter spielt eine Rolle, sondern viele weitere Faktoren beeinflussen unser Zeitempfinden.
Laut jüdischem Kalender entstand die Welt vor genau 5778 Jahren, nach der Bibel vor 6021 Jahren. Doch als Forscher begannen, auf und in der Erde selbst nach Spuren ihres Alters zu suchen, mussten sie die Zahl immer weiter nach oben korrigieren. Nach heutigen Datierungsmethoden ist unser Planet zwischen 4,5 und 4,6 Milliarden Jahre alt.
In cancer medicine, particularly in drug research and development, structural changes in professionalism can be observed as examples. This field is characterized by a strong tension between social expectations concerning the control of existential risks to health, on the one hand, and strong commercial interests of a shareholder value-driven industry, on the other hand. Based on a qualitative empirical analysis, two subfields within the field of cancer medicine are reconstructed. One of these subfields—colon cancer therapy—could be interpreted as representing a renewal of the knowledge-power nexus. The pattern of the other subfield—brain tumour research—refers to a much more vulnerable professionalism. Both fields are characterized by development in professional work, which could be described with the hybridization concept. Therefore, the contrast between the two empirical examples presented still challenges the theoretical interpretation of contemporary professionalism.
Multimorbilidad en medicina de familia y los principios Ariadne : un enfoque centrado en la persona
(2017)
La multimorbilidad, definida como la presencia de dos o más enfermedades crónicas en un mismo individuo, conlleva consecuencias negativas para la persona e importantes retos para los sistemas sanitarios. En atención primaria, donde recae esencialmente la atención de este grupo de pacientes, la consulta es más compleja que la de un paciente con una única enfermedad debido, entre otros, al hecho de tener que manejar mayor cantidad de información clínica, disponer de poca evidencia científica para abordar la multimorbilidad, y tener que coordinar la labor de múltiples profesionales para garantizar la continuidad asistencial. Además, para poder implementar correctamente los planes de tratamiento en estos pacientes es necesario un proceso de toma de decisiones compartida médico-paciente. Entre las distintas herramientas disponibles para apoyar dicho proceso, recientemente se ha desarrollado una dirigida específicamente a pacientes con multimorbilidad en atención primaria y que se describe en el presente artículo: los principios Ariadne.
Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder which can severely affect neuronal function. Some patients may experience status epilepticus, a life-threatening state of ongoing seizure activity associated with postictal cognitive dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanisms by which status epilepticus influences brain function beyond seizure activity remain not well understood. Here, we addressed the question of whether pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus affects synaptopodin (SP), an actin-binding protein, which regulates the ability of neurons to express synaptic plasticity. This makes SP an interesting marker for epilepsy-associated alterations in synaptic function. Indeed, single dose intraperitoneal pilocarpine injection (250 mg/kg) in three-month-old male C57BL/6J mice leads to a rapid reduction in hippocampal SP-cluster sizes and numbers (in CA1 stratum radiatum of the dorsal hippocampus; 90 min after injection). In line with this observation (and previous work using SP-deficient mice), a defect in the ability to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) of Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses is observed. Based on these findings we propose that status epilepticus could exert its aftereffects on cognition at least in part by perturbing SP-dependent mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.
IFN-lambda (IFNλ) is a member of the type III IFN family and is reported to possess anti-pathogen, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory properties; however, there are limited data regarding its impact on host immune responses in vivo. We performed longitudinal and comprehensive immunosurveillance to assess the ability of pegylated (peg)-IFNλ to augment antiviral host immunity as part of a clinical trial assessing the efficacy of peg-IFNλ in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. These patients were pretreated with directly acting antiviral therapy (entecavir) for 12 weeks with subsequent addition of peg-IFNλ for up to 32 weeks. In a subgroup of patients, the addition of peg-IFNλ provoked high serum levels of antiviral cytokine IL-18. We also observed the enhancement of natural killer cell polyfunctionality and the recovery of a pan-genotypic HBV-specific CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ with maintenance of HBV-specific CD8+ T cell antiviral and cytotoxic activities. It was only in these patients that we observed strong virological control with reductions in both viral replication and HBV antigen levels. Here, we show for the first time that in vivo peg-IFNλ displays significant immunostimulatory properties with improvements in the main effectors mediating anti-HBV immunity. Interestingly, the maintenance in HBV-specific CD8+ T cells in the presence of peg-IFNλ is in contrast to previous studies showing that peg-IFNα treatment for CHB results in a detrimental effect on the functionality of this important antiviral T cell compartment.
Young children are at greatest risk of exposure to lead and its effects. Although lead is one of the most widely used elements with known health hazard, there is little data on the blood lead level (BLL) of children in the Kathmandu Valley. Thus, this study aimed to assess factors associated with high BLL in children who were 6–36 months of age and resided in the Kathmandu Valley. In this hospital-based cross-sectional study 6–36 month-old children visiting the Paediatrics Outpatient Department of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Patan Hospital, and Siddhi Memorial Hospital were enrolled. All three hospitals are located in different areas inside the Kathmandu Valley. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents, and exposure data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Portable Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV) was used to determine BLLs in children. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Of 312 children enrolled in the study, 64.4% had BLLs ≥5μg/dl. A significant association was found between BLL and exposure to enamel paints in the household in the form of painting materials used in different parts of the house like walls, windows and doors (p = 0.001). Furthermore, multivariate analyses showed that BLLs were 4.5 times higher in children playing with dirt and dust (p = 0.006) and that children belonging to the community of lower caste/ethnicity groups had significantly higher BLLs compared to those from the upper caste groups (p = 0.02). Our study demonstrated that children living in households that have used enamel paints, children belonging to lower caste/ethnic groups, and children frequently playing with dirt and dust had significantly higher BLLs. The results of this study highlight the importance of policy decisions to limit environmental lead contamination, and to roll out awareness building measures designed to limit lead exposure and break the poverty cycle associated with chronic lead poisoning.
Background: Only few authors have analyzed the impact of workplace conflicts and the resulting stress on the risk of developing cardiovascular disorders. The goal of this study was to analyze the association between workplace conflicts and cardiovascular disorders in patients treated by German general practitioners.
Methods: Patients with an initial documentation of a workplace conflict experience between 2005 and 2014 were identified in 699 general practitioner practices (index date). We included only those who were between the ages of 18 and 65 years, had a follow-up time of at least 180 days after the index date, and had not been diagnosed with angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, coronary heart diseases, or stroke prior to the documentation of the workplace mobbing. In total, the study population consisted of 7,374 patients who experienced conflicts and 7,374 controls for analysis. The main outcome measure was the incidence of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and stroke correlated with workplace conflict experiences.
Results: After a maximum of five years of follow-up, 2.9% of individuals who experienced workplace conflict were affected by cardiovascular diseases, while only 1.4% were affected in the control group (p-value <0.001). Workplace conflict was associated with a 1.63-fold increase in the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Finally, the impact of workplace conflict was higher for myocardial infarction (OR=2.03) than for angina pectoris (OR=1.79) and stroke (OR=1.56).
Conclusions: Overall, we found a significant association between workplace conflicts and cardiovascular disorders.
Ice nucleating particles over the eastern mediterranean measured by unmanned aircraft systems
(2017)
During an intensive field campaign on aerosol, clouds, and ice nucleation in the Eastern Mediterranean in April 2016, we measured the abundance of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the lower troposphere from unmanned aircraft systems (UASs). Aerosol samples were collected by miniaturized electrostatic precipitators onboard the UASs at altitudes up to 2.5 km. The number of INPs in these samples, which are active in the deposition and condensation modes at temperatures from −20 to −30 °C, were analyzed immediately after collection on site using the ice nucleus counter FRIDGE (FRankfurt Ice nucleation Deposition freezinG Experiment). During the 1-month campaign, we encountered a series of Saharan dust plumes that traveled at several kilometers' altitude. Here we present INP data from 42 individual flights, together with aerosol number concentrations, observations of lidar backscattering, dust concentrations derived by the dust transport model DREAM (Dust Regional Atmospheric Model), and results from scanning electron microscopy. The effect of the dust plumes is reflected by the coincidence of INPs with the particulate matter (PM), the lidar signal, and the predicted dust mass of the model. This suggests that mineral dust or a constituent related to dust was a major contributor to the ice nucleating properties of the aerosol. Peak concentrations of above 100 INPs std L−1 were measured at −30 °C. The INP concentration in elevated plumes was on average a factor of 10 higher than at ground level. Since desert dust is transported for long distances over wide areas of the globe predominantly at several kilometers' altitude, we conclude that INP measurements at ground level may be of limited significance for the situation at the level of cloud formation.
In search for new natural products, which may lead to the development of new drugs for all kind of applications, novel methods are needed. Here we describe the identification of electrophilic natural products in crude extracts via their reactivity against azide as a nucleophile followed by their subsequent enrichment using a cleavable azide-reactive resin (CARR). Using this approach, natural products carrying epoxides and α,β-unsaturated enones as well as several unknown compounds were identified in crude extracts from entomopathogenic Photorhabdus bacteria.