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In diesem Artikel soll einer der strittigen Vertreter der deutschen Romantik auf zwei verschiedene Weisen analysiert werden, erstens durch Untersuchung des historischen Rahmens seiner antiken Tragödie "Penthesilea", und zweitens, durch den Vergleich des Werkes mit seiner persöhnlichen romantischen Veranlagung, um die traditionellen und historischen Grenzen des Begriffs "Romantik" zu erweitern.
In this paper, we investigate the usefulness of a wide range of features for their usefulness in the resolution of nominal coreference, both as hard constraints (i.e. completely removing elements from the list of possible candidates) as well as soft constraints (where a cumulation of violations of soft constraints will make it less likely that a candidate is chosen as the antecedent). We present a state of the art system based on such constraints and weights estimated with a maximum entropy model, using lexical information to resolve cases of coreferent bridging.
"Wie ein ungeheures Märchen" : Johann Caspar, Johann Wolfgang und August Goethe im Petersdom in Rom
(2006)
Die Baugeschichte des Petersdoms in Rom, wie er sich dem Blick des neuzeitlichen Betrachters darstellt, ist das Resultat eines großen Abbruchunternehmens ebenso wie eines gewaltigen Neubaus. Von „schöpferischer Zerstörung“ hat Horst Bredekamp mit Blick auf die Baugeschichte von Neu St. Peter in Rom seit 1506 gesprochen. Als Johann Wolfgang Goethe, den Spuren seines Vaters folgend, 1786 auf seiner „Hegire“ das antike Rom und den Petersdom erblickte und sich damit in die südliche Kunstwelt „initiiert“ fühlte, konnte er kaum einschätzen, dass sein Neubau der deutschen Litera-tursprache ein ähnlich gewaltiges und gewaltsames Abbruch- und Aufbauprojekt sein könnte, wie der sich über mehr als ein Jahrhundert erstreckende Neubau der Papstkirche in Rom. Die „römischen Glückstage“, deren Stimmung und Kunstgefühl sich Goethe noch 1829, bei der Edition des „Zweiten römischen Aufenthalts“, in die „kimmerischen“ Nächte des Nordens holte, versuchte sein Sohn August 1830 auch für sich zu reklamieren. Doch endete dessen zu spät unternommene Flucht in einer Tragödie. August von Goethe starb zehn Tage, nachdem er die Kuppel des Petersdoms im Glanz der Morgensonne gesehen hatte, an einem Schlaganfall in Rom. Von dem Schock, der ihn im November 1830 durch die Nachricht vom Tod des Sohnes ereilte, hat sich Johann Wolfgang Goethe nicht mehr erholt.
The work presented here addresses the question of how to determine whether a grammar formalism is powerful enough to describe natural languages. The expressive power of a formalism can be characterized in terms of i) the string languages it generates (weak generative capacity (WGC)) or ii) the tree languages it generates (strong generative capacity (SGC)). The notion of WGC is not enough to determine whether a formalism is adequate for natural languages. We argue that even SGC is problematic since the sets of trees a grammar formalism for natural languages should be able to generate is difficult to determine. The concrete syntactic structures assumed for natural languages depend very much on theoretical stipulations and empirical evidence for syntactic structures is rather hard to obtain. Therefore, for lexicalized formalisms, we propose to consider the ability to generate certain strings together with specific predicate argument dependencies as a criterion for adequacy for natural languages.
This review lists Agama smithii Boulenger 1896 as a synonym of Agama agama (Linnaeus 1758), Agama trachypleura Peters 1982 as a synonym of Acanthocercus phillipsii (Boulenger 1895) and describes for the first time Acanthocercus guentherpetersi n. sp. Without more convincing evidence, Chamaeleon ruspolii Boettger 1893 cannot be accepted as specifically distinct from Chamaeleo dilepis Leach 1819, nor Chamaeleo calcaricarens Böhme 1985 from C. africanus Laurenti 1768. Consequently, 101 species of lizard are currently recognised in Ethiopia, of which some 40% appear to be denizens of the Somali-arid zone. This significant proportion is attributable in part to the importance of the Horn of Africa as a centre for reptilian diversification and endemicity, in part to the fact that this lowland fauna was rather extensively sampled during the 1930s, but also to the conspicuous neglect of lizards in other regions of the country. Mountain and forested habitats are widespread in Ethiopia, so it seems extraordinary to record only five saurian species which are believed to be endemic in such environments. The inference that there are many more still to be discovered has important implications for conservation, because montane forest is known to be among the most threatened of Ethiopian biomes and there is clearly an urgent need for its herpetofauna to be more thoroughly researched and documented.
Au nombre de ces littératures d'Afrique subsaharienne, il y a la littérature gabonaise. Cependant, par rapport aux autres littératures d'Afrique subsaharienne francophone qui sont plus connues, la littérature gabonaise souffre encore d'un manque de visibilité et d'auteurs de renommée internationale. Et pourtant, il y a dans ce pays une vie et surtout une pratique de la littérature où les genres littéraires ont réussi à s'imposer. Nous donnerons d'abord un aperçu des premières écritures au Gabon; puis, à partir de cinq genres majeurs de la littérature gabonaise bien identifiés, à savoir le théâtre, l'essai, la nouvelle, le roman et la poésie, nous étudierons leur parcours général et leur évolution, depuis les premières publications jusqu'à celles de nos jours.
Historische Adelsbibliotheken sind unschätzbare Geschichtsquellen. Überliefern die erhaltenen Adelsarchive überwiegend Dokumente, die sich einerseits auf Herrschaftsverhältnisse und Grundbesitz und andererseits auf "Familiensachen" beziehen, aus denen die verwandtschaftliche Verflechtung der adligen Häuser hervorgeht, so werfen die Adelsbibliotheken in ganz besonderer Weise Licht auf die Kultur-, Bildungs- und Sozialgeschichte des Adels seit dem ausgehenden Mittelalter.
Um die Vorwürfe zu entkräften, die gegen sein Stück Der Müll, die Stadt und der Tod erhoben wurden, gab Rainer Werner Fassbinder folgende Inhaltsangabe: "Die Stadt läßt die vermeintlich notwendige Dreckarbeit von einem, und das ist besonders infam, tabuisierten Juden tun, und die Juden sind seit 1945 in Deutschland tabuisiert, was am Ende zurückschlagen muß, denn Tabus, darüber sind sich doch wohl alle einig, führen dazu, daß das Tabuisierte, Dunkle, Geheimnisvolle Angst macht und endlich Gegner findet." Fassbinder äußert sich hier, als hätte er ein Stück im Stil von Brechts Rund und Spitzköpfen geschrieben. Doch gerade er hat dem Dunklen, Geheimnisvollen, Angstmachenden, das er vom Tabu ausgehen sieht, selbständige Gestalt erst gegeben, als er die Figur des "reichen Juden" in den Mittelpunkt seines Stücks rückte. "Dieser Jude", sagt Fassbinder, "ist reich, ist Häusermakler, trägt dazu bei, die Städte zuungunsten der Menschen zu verändern; er führt aber letztlich doch nur Dinge aus, die von anderen zwar konzipiert wurden, aber deren Verwirklichung man konsequent einem überläßt, der durch Tabuisierung unangreifbar scheint." Während die anderen, die Mächtigen der Stadtverwaltung, mit der "Dreckarbeit" jeweils einen Zweck verfolgen, führt der Jude sie um ihrer selbst willen aus. Davon handeln seine Monologe: "Es muß mir egal sein, ob Kinder weinen, ob Alte, Gebrechliche leiden. Es muß mir egal sein. Und das Wutgeheul mancher, das überhör ich ganz einfach. Was soll ich auch sonst. [...] Soll meine Seele geradestehen für die Beschlüsse anderer, die ich nur ausführe mit dem Profit, den ich brauche, um mir das leisten zu können, was ich brauche. Was brauch ich? Brauche, brauche – seltsam, wenn man ein Wort ganz oft sagt, verliert es den Sinn, den es ohnehin nur zufällig hat. Die Stadt braucht den skrupellosen Geschäftsmann, der ihr ermöglicht sich zu verändern. Sie hat ihn gefälligst zu schützen." (S. 681). ...
Bisherige Untersuchungen über die Religiosität des Dichters Rainer Maria Rilke zeigen zwei stark divergierende Ergebnisse: Während der Religionspädagoge Anton Bucher auf der Basis einer strukturgenetischen Analyse Rilkescher Schriften zu dem Schluss kommt, Rilke sei eine sehr reife religiöse Persönlichkeit gewesen, sieht der Literaturwissenschaftler Eudo C. Mason, der mit psychodynamischen Kriterien arbeitet, in Rilke einen reinen Narzissten und Atheisten. Die folgende Untersuchung vergleicht diese beiden Zugänge und versucht, eine Brücke zu schlagen zwischen dem "religiös reifen Rilke" und dem "atheistisch-narzisstischen Rilke".
Le thème de notre exposé s’intitule : « L’écriture du corps de la femme dans la littérature féminine gabonaise : Cas dans Deux bébés et l’addition de Bessora ». (...) Tout compte fait, il s’agira pour nous de relever les références et allusions au corps de la femme en nous basant sur l’ouvrage de Bessora : Deux bébés et l’addition et d’en faire une brève analyse afin de voir les causes endogènes et exogènes ; les déterminismes liés à cette obsession du corps de la femme chez notre auteur. En d’autres termes, quels sont les éléments inhérents au corps de la femme mis en exergue dans Deux bébés et l’addition de Bessora ? Quels rapports pouvons nous établir entre ces éléments corporels et la vie de l’auteur ? CRELAF (Cercle de Reflexion des Etudiants en Littératures Africaines), Département de Littératures Africaines, Université Omar Bongo, Gabon
The medium of (oral) language is mostly disregarded (or overlooked) in contemporary media theories. This "ignoring of language" in media studies is often accompanied by an inadequate transport model of communication, and it converges with an "ignoring of mediality" in mentalistic theories of language. In the present article it will be argued that this misleading opposition of language and media can only be overcome if one already regards oral language, not just written language, as a medium of the human mind. In my argumentation I fall back on Wittgenstein’s conception of language games to try to show how Wittgenstein’s ideas can help us to clear up the problem of the mediality of language and also to show to what extent the mentalistic conception of Chomskyan provenance cannot be adequate to the phenomenon of language.
This paper presents an approach to the question whether it is possible to construct a parser based on ideas from case-based reasoning. Such a parser would employ a partial analysis of the input sentence to select a (nearly) complete syntax tree and then adapt this tree to the input sentence. The experiments performed on German data from the Tüba-D/Z treebank and the KaRoPars partial parser show that a wide range of levels of generality can be reached, depending on which types of information are used to determine the similarity between input sentence and training sentences. The results are such that it is possible to construct a case-based parser. The optimal setting out of those presented here need to be determined empirically.
This paper profiles significant differences in syntactic distribution and differences in word class frequencies for two treebanks of spoken and written German: the TüBa-D/S, a treebank of transliterated spontaneous dialogues, and the TüBa-D/Z treebank of newspaper articles published in the German daily newspaper die tageszeitung´(taz). The approach can be used more generally as a means of distinguishing and classifying language corpora of different genres.
In recent years, research in parsing has extended in several new directions. One of these directions is concerned with parsing languages other than English. Treebanks have become available for many European languages, but also for Arabic, Chinese, or Japanese. However, it was shown that parsing results on these treebanks depend on the types of treebank annotations used. Another direction in parsing research is the development of dependency parsers. Dependency parsing profits from the non-hierarchical nature of dependency relations, thus lexical information can be included in the parsing process in a much more natural way. Especially machine learning based approaches are very successful (cf. e.g.). The results achieved by these dependency parsers are very competitive although comparisons are difficult because of the differences in annotation. For English, the Penn Treebank has been converted to dependencies. For this version, Nivre et al. report an accuracy rate of 86.3%, as compared to an F-score of 92.1 for Charniaks parser. The Penn Chinese Treebank is also available in a constituent and a dependency representations. The best results reported for parsing experiments with this treebank give an F-score of 81.8 for the constituent version and 79.8% accuracy for the dependency version. The general trend in comparisons between constituent and dependency parsers is that the dependency parser performs slightly worse than the constituent parser. The only exception occurs for German, where F-scores for constituent plus grammatical function parses range between 51.4 and 75.3, depending on the treebank, NEGRA or TüBa-D/Z. The dependency parser based on a converted version of Tüba-D/Z, in contrast, reached an accuracy of 83.4%, i.e. 12 percent points better than the best constituent analysis including grammatical functions.
This paper presents a comparative study of probabilistic treebank parsing of German, using the Negra and TüBa-D/Z treebanks. Experiments with the Stanford parser, which uses a factored PCFG and dependency model, show that, contrary to previous claims for other parsers, lexicalization of PCFG models boosts parsing performance for both treebanks. The experiments also show that there is a big difference in parsing performance, when trained on the Negra and on the TüBa-D/Z treebanks. Parser performance for the models trained on TüBa-D/Z are comparable to parsing results for English with the Stanford parser, when trained on the Penn treebank. This comparison at least suggests that German is not harder to parse than its West-Germanic neighbor language English.
This report explores the question of compatibility between annotation projects including translating annotation formalisms to each other or to common forms. Compatibility issues are crucial for systems that use the results of multiple annotation projects. We hope that this report will begin a concerted effort in the field to track the compatibility of annotation schemes for part of speech tagging, time annotation, treebanking, role labeling and other phenomena.
Using a qualitative analysis of disagreements from a referentially annotated newspaper corpus, we show that, in coreference annotation, vague referents are prone to greater disagreement. We show how potentially problematic cases can be dealt with in a way that is practical even for larger-scale annotation, considering a real-world example from newspaper text.
In the past, a divide could be seen between ’deep’ parsers on the one hand, which construct a semantic representation out of their input, but usually have significant coverage problems, and more robust parsers on the other hand, which are usually based on a (statistical) model derived from a treebank and have larger coverage, but leave the problem of semantic interpretation to the user. More recently, approaches have emerged that combine the robustness of datadriven (statistical) models with more detailed linguistic interpretation such that the output could be used for deeper semantic analysis. Cahill et al. (2002) use a PCFG-based parsing model in combination with a set of principles and heuristics to derive functional (f-)structures of Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG). They show that the derived functional structures have a better quality than those generated by a parser based on a state-of-the-art hand-crafted LFG grammar. Advocates of Dependency Grammar usually point out that dependencies already are a semantically meaningful representation (cf. Menzel, 2003). However, parsers based on dependency grammar normally create underspecified representations with respect to certain phenomena such as coordination, apposition and control structures. In these areas they are too "shallow" to be directly used for semantic interpretation. In this paper, we adopt a similar approach to Cahill et al. (2002) using a dependency-based analysis to derive functional structure, and demonstrate the feasibility of this approach using German data. A major focus of our discussion is on the treatment of coordination and other potentially underspecified structures of the dependency data input. F-structure is one of the two core levels of syntactic representation in LFG (Bresnan, 2001). Independently of surface order, it encodes abstract syntactic functions that constitute predicate argument structure and other dependency relations such as subject, predicate, adjunct, but also further semantic information such as the semantic type of an adjunct (e.g. directional). Normally f-structure is captured as a recursive attribute value matrix, which is isomorphic to a directed graph representation. Figure 5 depicts an example target f-structure. As mentioned earlier, these deeper-level dependency relations can be used to construct logical forms as in the approaches of van Genabith and Crouch (1996), who construct underspecified discourse representations (UDRSs), and Spreyer and Frank (2005), who have robust minimal recursion semantics (RMRS) as their target representation. We therefore think that f-structures are a suitable target representation for automatic syntactic analysis in a larger pipeline of mapping text to interpretation. In this paper, we report on the conversion from dependency structures to fstructure. Firstly, we evaluate the f-structure conversion in isolation, starting from hand-corrected dependencies based on the TüBa-D/Z treebank and Versley (2005)´s conversion. Secondly, we start from tokenized text to evaluate the combined process of automatic parsing (using Foth and Menzel (2006)´s parser) and f-structure conversion. As a test set, we randomly selected 100 sentences from TüBa-D/Z which we annotated using a scheme very close to that of the TiGer Dependency Bank (Forst et al., 2004). In the next section, we sketch dependency analysis, the underlying theory of our input representations, and introduce four different representations of coordination. We also describe Weighted Constraint Dependency Grammar (WCDG), the dependency parsing formalism that we use in our experiments. Section 3 characterises the conversion of dependencies to f-structures. Our evaluation is presented in section 4, and finally, section 5 summarises our results and gives an overview of problems remaining to be solved.
This paper compares two approaches to computational semantics, namely semantic unification in Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars (LTAG) and Lexical Resource Semantics (LRS) in HPSG. There are striking similarities between the frameworks that make them comparable in many respects. We will exemplify the differences and similarities by looking at several phenomena. We will show, first of all, that many intuitions about the mechanisms of semantic computations can be implemented in similar ways in both frameworks. Secondly, we will identify some aspects in which the frameworks intrinsically differ due to more general differences between the approaches to formal grammar adopted by LTAG and HPSG.
Relative quantifier scope in German depends, in contrast to English, very much on word order. The scope possibilities of a quantifier are determined by its surface position, its base position and the type of the quantifier. In this paper we propose a multicomponent analysis for German quantifiers computing the scope of the quantifier, in particular its minimal nuclear scope, depending on the syntactic configuration it occurs in.