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The European Beech is the dominant climax tree in most regions of Central Europe and valued for its ecological versatility and hardwood timber. Even though a draft genome has been published recently, higher resolution is required for studying aspects of genome architecture and recombination. Here, we present a chromosome-level assembly of the more than 300 year-old reference individual, Bhaga, from the Kellerwald-Edersee National Park (Germany). Its nuclear genome of 541 Mb was resolved into 12 chromosomes varying in length between 28 and 73 Mb. Multiple nuclear insertions of parts of the chloroplast genome were observed, with one region on chromosome 11 spanning more than 2 Mb which fragments up to 54,784 bp long and covering the whole chloroplast genome were inserted randomly. Unlike in Arabidopsis thaliana, ribosomal cistrons are present in Fagus sylvatica only in four major regions, in line with FISH studies. On most assembled chromosomes, telomeric repeats were found at both ends, while centromeric repeats were found to be scattered throughout the genome apart from their main occurrence per chromosome. The genome-wide distribution of SNPs was evaluated using a second individual from Jamy Nature Reserve (Poland). SNPs, repeat elements and duplicated genes were unevenly distributed in the genomes, with one major anomaly on chromosome 4. The genome presented here adds to the available highly resolved plant genomes and we hope it will serve as a valuable basis for future research on genome architecture and for understanding the past and future of European Beech populations in a changing climate.
A database of larval host plants for the tortricid tribe Grapholitini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) is presented, and larval hosts are summarized for each genus. Food plants have been reported for over 400 of the approximately 1,644 described species of Grapholitini. Of the 81 genera currently assigned to the tribe, at least one larval host has been reported for 51. Ninety-seven different plant families have been reported at least once for a species of Grapholitini, with the greatest number of grapholitines recorded from Fabaceae (168 species), followed by Fagaceae (43 species), Pinaceae (43), Sapindaceae (36), Rosaceae (30), Asteraceae (30), Euphorbiaceae (15), Rutaceae (12), Annonaceae (12), Salicaceae (11), and Cupressaceae (11). Thirty-two genera appear to be restricted, or nearly so, to specific host families, but many of these are either monotypic or are represented by exceedingly few records. Extraordinarily, entomophagy is well documented in three genera: Andrioplecta, Coccothera, and Parapammene. Two new combinations are provisionally proposed based on hosts and male genitalia: Andrioplecta magnetica (Meyrick, 1928), new combination, and A. theristis (Meyrick, 1912), new combination, both of which are currently assigned to “Grapholitini unplaced species.”
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:251B8BE3-31BC-481B-8214-16C0EFFB32FF