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Beiträge zur Haemodynamik : 4. Ueber die Bewegung einer Flüssigkeit in ungleich weiten Röhren
(1862)
Neue Acariden
(1879)
Ueber die einheitliche Verschmelzung verschiedenartiger Netzhauteindrücke beim Sehen mit zwei Augen
(1861)
Background The connection of the variable part of the heavy chain (VH) and and the variable part of the light chain (VL) by a peptide linker to form a consecutive polypeptide chain (single chain antibody, scFv) was a breakthrough for the functional production of antibody fragments in Escherichia coli. Being double the size of fragment variable (Fv) fragments and requiring assembly of two independent polypeptide chains, functional Fab fragments are usually produced with significantly lower yields in E. coli. An antibody design combining stability and assay compatibility of the fragment antigen binding (Fab) with high level bacterial expression of single chain Fv fragments would be desirable. The desired antibody fragment should be both suitable for expression as soluble antibody in E. coli and antibody phage display. Results Here, we demonstrate that the introduction of a polypeptide linker between the fragment difficult (Fd) and the light chain (LC), resulting in the formation of a single chain Fab fragment (scFab), can lead to improved production of functional molecules. We tested the impact of various linker designs and modifications of the constant regions on both phage display efficiency and the yield of soluble antibody fragments. A scFab variant without cysteins (scFabdeltaC) connecting the constant part 1 of the heavy chain (CH1) and the constant part of the light chain (CL) were best suited for phage display and production of soluble antibody fragments. Beside the expression system E.coli, the new antibody format was also expressed in Pichia pastoris. Monovalent and divalent fragments (DiFabodies) as well as multimers were characterised. Conclusion A new antibody design offers the generation of bivalent Fab derivates for antibody phage display and production of soluble antibody fragments. This antibody format is of particular value for high throughput proteome binder generation projects, due to the avidity effect and the possible use of common standard sera for detection.
Es sind vorzüglich die Engländer, die über die therapeutische Anwendung des Ammonium bromntum gearbeitet haben und dasselbe als nützlich in versohiedenen Nervenleiden preisen. (Gibb, Ritchie, Harley , Belgrave). Wir benutzten dasselbe auch vielfach in der Kinderklinik in Petersburg und besonders beim Keuchhusten, aber wenn wir auch einigermaassen die Krankheits-Anfälle abnehmen sahen, so trat diese Abnahme doch lange nicht in dem Grade ein, wie sie Gibb beobachtet haben will, und wonach er das Präparat als Radicalmittel gegen den Keuchhusten empfehlen zu können glaubt. Die Meinungen über die Art der Wirkung dieses Mittels sind getheilt. Belgrave will demselben die Wirkung des Kalium bromatum zuschreiben, nur in etwas geringerem Grade; Gibb vindicirt für dasselbe eine besondere Einwirkung auf die Empfindungsnerven des Schlundes; Binz, der es in einer Keuchhusten-Epidemie viel benutzte, behauptet, dass dasselbe gar keine Vorzüge vor dem Salmiak haben soll. Wir sahen uns daher veranlasst, um die Wirkung dieses Mittels genauer zu ermitteln, eine Reihe von Untersuchungen an verschiedenen Thieren anzustellen, und wir wollen hier kurz die Resultate dieser Untersuchungen mittheilen.
Tête un peu moins large que le thorax, un peu luisante, finement et peu densement ponctuée, toute noire; les poils du vertex et des joues plus abondants, fauves, ceux de la face plus courts, plus rares, et roux; le chaperon presque nu, inégalement ponctué, subrugueux, tronqué droit au bout et margué d'une ligne enfoncée parallèle au bord: flagellum des antennes d'un noir de poix, le premier article long et mince, les autres plus épais, formant une massue longue et faiblement comprimée. ...
Für die Bearbeitbarkeit der der landwirthschaftlichen Kultur unterworfenen Bodenarten sind verschiedene Umstände maßgebend. Als solche kommen hauptsächlich die Kohäreszenz, das Volumgewicht der Böden, sowie die Adhäsion und Reibung derselben an den Ackerwerkzeugen in Betracht. Ueber erstere beiden Eigenschaften liegen ausführlichere Untersuchungen von H. Puchner und E. Wollny vor, während die Adhäsion des Erdreichs an Holz und Eisen bisher nur eine oberflächliche Bearbeitung erfahren hat, und die Reibung der Ackererde, an den Werkzeugen überhaupt nicht bestimmt wurde. Es schien mir daher angezeigt, durch das Experiment die Momente näher festzustellen, welche bei Beurtheilung der beiden zuletzt erwähnten Eigenschaften besonders berücksichtigt werden müssen.
Background The Radical Pair model proposes that magnetoreception is a light-dependent process. Under low monochromatic light from the short-wavelength part of the visual spectrum, migratory birds show orientation in their migratory direction. Under monochromatic light of higher intensity, however, they showed unusual preferences in other directions or axial preferences. To determine whether or not these responses are still controlled by the respective light regimes, European robins, Erithacus rubecula, were tested under UV, Blue, Turquoise and Green light at increasing intensities, with orientation in migratory direction serving as a criterion whether or not magnetoreception works in the normal way. Results Under low light with a quantal flux of 8 times 10 to 15 power quanta s-1 m-2, the birds were well oriented in their seasonally appropriate migratory direction under 424 nm Blue, 502 nm Turquoise and 565 nm Green light, indicating unimpaired magnetoreception. Under 373 nm UV of the same quantal flux, they were not oriented in migratory direction, showing a preference of the east-west axis instead, but they showed excellent orientation in migratory direction under UV of lower intensity. Intensities of above 36 times 10 to 15 power quanta s-1 m-2 of Blue, Turquoise and Green light elicited a variety of responses: disorientation, headings along the east-west axis, headings along the north-south axis or 'fixed' direction tendencies. These responses changed as the intensity was increased from 36 times 10 to the 15 power quanta s-1 m-2 to 54 and 72 times 10 to 15 power quanta s-1 m-2. Conclusion The specific manifestation of responses in directions other than migratory direction clearly depends on the ambient light regime. This implies that although mechanisms normally providing magnetic compass information seem disrupted, processes that are activated by light still control the behavior. It suggests complex interactions between different types of receptors, magnetic and visual. The nature of the receptors involved and details of their connections are not yet known; however, a role of the color cones in the processes mediating magnetic input is suggested.
Gruppenbasiertes vernetztes Lernen im Internet: Design einer virtuellen Hochschulveranstaltung
(1998)
Lernen in virtuellen Veranstaltungen im Internet muß keine einsame Sache sein: gruppenbasierte Veranstaltungskonzepte ermöglichen dezentral verteilte Teilnehmer im Netz zusammenzuführen und gleichzeitig vor Ort Lernprozesse in Gruppen stattfinden zu lassen. Neben der didaktischen Gestaltung eines solches Konzeptes steht der optimale Einsatz eines internetbasierten Medienmix im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrags. Dieses virtuelle Konzept wird weniger zur Umsetzung von eher vortragsorientierten Hochschulveranstaltungen wie Vorlesungen genutzt, sondern vielmehr um das eigenständige Erarbeiten von Lerninhalten durch die Studierenden zu fördern und didaktische Methoden des problemorientierten, projektorientierten und forschenden Lernens zu integrieren. Übungen, Tutorien, Kolloquien und Seminare können über räumliche Grenzen hinweg mit Teilnehmern an verschiedenen Standorten und damit wohnorts-, universitäts- und länderübergreifend durchgeführt werden.
Perspectives on the educational market: universities between virtual campus and education brokers
(2001)
Nowadays information and communication technologies are affecting many aspects of our daily life. Sitting at our home computer we can order products, book flights, transfer money, buy and sell stocks and take online classes of educational institutions at the other end of the world. Maybe one day we will be able to pick any graduate business course at any institution that we like and combine credits of several online universities. Major changes are happening on the educational market. How will the educational market look like in 10 or 20 years? Which path will the traditional universities go from now on and where will they end? And: what are the factors that influence this shift? These are the questions which are addressed in this paper. Some of the analysis presented in this paper is based on papers published by the German Bertelsmann Stiftung and the Heinz Nixdorf Stiftung (Encarnacao/Leidhold/Reuter 2000) and on some English authors (i.e. Daniel 1998) and it summarizes some of their ideas.
Eine wichtige Zielsetzung bei der Gestaltung und Unterstützung von online Diskursen ist die Motivation der Teilnehmenden zur aktiven Partizipation. Aspekte wie die technische Umsetzung, Zugangsregulierungen, Dauer und Art des Diskurses usw. zielen darauf ab, Teilnehmenden eine möglichst leicht handhabbare und aktive Beteiligung zu ermöglichen. Neben Fragen der technischen Umsetzung sind auch Gestaltungsaspekte wie Dauer und Phasen des Diskurses, sogenannte "Diskursdramaturgie", Beteiligungsformen und -formate, Zugangsrechte, Moderationsmethoden, Formen der Ergebnissicherung und Dokumentation zu planen.
Die Postmoderne beschreibt die Fragmentierung der Gesellschaft, in der Systemrationalitäten miteinander kollidieren. Diese Diagnose kann für die Konzeption der Grundrechte nicht folgenlos bleiben. Der Aufsatz fokussiert zwei Ansätze einer neuen Verfassungstheorie. Grundlagen sind Karl-Heinz Ladeurs Kritik der Abwägung und Gunther Teubners Konzept einer Zivilverfassung vor dem Hintergrund seines Matrixmodells.
Die Rechtspraxis setzt etwas voraus, das sie nicht nur begründet oder ergänzt, sondern grundsätzlich in Frage stellt. So macht der Zwang, in einem Verfahren zu entscheiden und zu begründen, zugleich deutlich, dass jede Form der Entscheidung unangemessen, unbegründet und in ganz anderer Weise neu herzustellen ist. Das ist das juridische Supplement im Geiste von Jacques Derrida. Supplementiert wird die Wahrheit des Rechts in anderen Medien: in Drama, Film und Literatur etwa. Dort wird in Szene gesetzt, was in der real erlebbaren Rechtswelt nicht wirklich erlebt werden kann, was aber doch – wie kein Amtsträger bestreiten würde – zum Verfahrensergebnis gehört.
This paper addresses the task of designing an online course. Which considerations have to be made? Many factors have to be regarded: technical options, the didactical design, the institution, the subject of the courses and the students. This task becomes even more difficult when we get aware that these factors are very much independent and that the decision in one field cannot be made without considering the others aspects. The didactical design of an online course has to be implemented based on technical option in order to shape and support the teaching and learning process. Different internet media can be uses such as web pages, email, discussion boards and chats as well as specialized software packages. These media types are characterized by certain functionalities which are appropriate for certain learning methods. What are the factors which influence this choice? Besides the aspect of synchronization the technical equipment at the learners' place and their media competence is essential. Additionally CD ROMs can be used as a media for data transmission as well as a supportive function for the learning process. The didactical design of a CD ROM can support different learning methods and provide additional learning material which can be used according to the students' demands. In this paper some examples are given as how to implement different didactical elements with different technical features. The learning process does not have to take place on the level of the individual learner but should integrate social interaction in different social forms. learning can take place on different levels such the individual learner, small groups, and plenary settings. But:: group learning processes have to be properly planned and pre-structured in the didactical design of online courses and need sufficient technical support in order to work properly.
Hochschulen müssen sich im Hinblick auf e-Learning mit der Frage konfrontieren, welche Strategien sie langfristig erfolgen wollen, an denen sie infrastrukturelle Maßnahmen und Unterstützungsangebote für Hochschullehrende ausrichten können. Neben einer bisher eher vielfältigen e-Learning Landschaft an Hochschulen lässt sich der längerfristige Einsatz neuer Medien in der Hochschullehre nur dann erfolgreich – und damit nachhaltig – gestalten, wenn Hochschulen und Politik sich mit grundsätzlichen strategischen Fragestellungen befassen. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet einige dieser Fragen und gibt anschauliche Beispiele möglicher Lösungsansätze. Gleichzeitig wird auf das Innovationspotenzial neuer Medien in der Lehre hingewiesen, das sich auf der Ebene einzelner Lehrveranstaltungen, wie auch im Hinblick auf die curriculare Ausrichtung ganzer Fachbereiche auswirken kann. Letztendlich sollten neue Medien aber vor allem einen didaktischen und pädagogischen Mehrwert für die Hochschullehre erschließen.
Die Substanztheorie bei Cartesius im Zusammenhang mit der scholastischen und neueren Philosophie
(1892)
The article explores the increasing gap between the cultural dynamics of transnationalization in Germany and the national self-perception of the German society. While concepts of “in-migration” (Zuwanderung) and ”integration” still stick to notions of the nation-state as being a ”container” embracing and controlling a population and a culture of its own, the various processes of material and imaginary mobility across the national borders contradict and challenge this notion as well as its political implications. By drawing on the transnational lifeworlds and the cultural productivity of migrants, anthropological research has made important contributions to render visible this challenge. It is argued, however, that an all too exclusive focus on migration may, in fact, rather conceal the wider effects of transnationalisation and cultural globalisation on the society and its cultural fabric as a whole.
Background The Deltaretrovirus genus comprises viruses that infect humans (HTLV), various simian species (STLV) and cattle (BLV). HTLV-I is the main causative agent in adult T-cell leukemia in endemic areas and some of the simian T-cell lymphotropic viruses have been implicated in the induction of malignant lymphomas in their hosts. BLV causes enzootic bovine leukosis in infected cattle or sheep. During the past few years several new Deltaretrovirus isolates have been described in various primate species. Two new HTLV-like viruses in humans have recently been identified and provisionally termed HTLV-III and HTLV-IV. In order to identify a broad spectrum of Deltaretroviruses by a single PCR approach we have established a novel consensus PCR based on nucleotide sequence data obtained from 42 complete virus isolates (HTLV-I/-II, STLV-I/-II/-III, BLV). The primer sequences were based on highly interspecies-conserved virus genome regions. We used this PCR to detect Deltaretroviruses in samples from adult patients with a variety of rare T-cell neoplasms in Germany. Results: The sensitivity of the consensus PCR was at least between 10-2 and 10-3 with 100% specificity as demonstrated by serial dilutions of cell lines infected with either HTLV-I, HTLV-II or BLV. Fifty acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) samples and 33 samples from patients with various rare mature T-cell neoplasms (T-PLL, Sezary syndrome and other T-NHL) were subsequently investigated. There were no cases with HTLV-I, HTLV-II or any other Deltaretroviruses. Conclusions: The results rule out a significant involvement of HTLV-I or HTLV-II in these disease entities and show that other related Deltaretroviruses are not likely to be involved. The newly established Deltaretrovirus PCR may be a useful tool for identifying new Deltaretroviruses.
Background A procedure for including activity against enveloped viruses in the post-contamination treatment of hands has been recommended, but so far no European standard is available to implement it. In 2004, the German Robert Koch-Institute (RKI) and the German Association for the Control of Virus Disease (DVV) suggested that vaccinia virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) should be used as test viruses in a quantitative suspension test to determine the activity of a disinfectant against all enveloped viruses. Methods We have studied the activities of three commonly-used alcohol-based hand rubs (hand rub A, based on 45% propan-2-ol, 30% propan-1-ol and 0.2% mecetronium etilsulfate; hand rub B, based on 80% ethanol; hand rub C, based on 95% ethanol) against vaccinia virus and BVDV, and in addition against four other clinically relevant enveloped viruses: herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, and human and avian influenza A virus. The hand rubs were challenged with different organic loads at exposure time of 15, 30 and 60 s. According to the guidelines of both BGA/RKI and DVV, and EN 14476:2005, the reduction of infectivity of each test virus was measured on appropriate cell lines using a quantitative suspension test. Results All three alcohol-based hand rubs reduced the infectivity of vaccinia virus and BVDV by >= 4 log10-steps within 15 s, irrespective of the type of organic load. Similar reductions of infectivity were seen against the other four enveloped viruses within 15 s in the presence of different types of organic load. Conclusions Commonly used alcohol-based hand rubs with a total alcohol concentration >= 75% can be assumed to be active against clinically relevant enveloped viruses if they effectively reduce the infectivities of vaccinia virus and BVDV in a quantitative suspension test.
Aus dem Engeren : Litteraturbilder aus deutschen Einzelgauen ; IV: von der pommerschen Waterkant´
(1898)
Mechanisms by which subvisible cirrus clouds (SVCs) might contribute to dehydration close to the tropical tropopause are not well understood. Recently Ultrathin Tropical Tropopause Clouds (UTTCs) with optical depths around 10-4 have been detected in the western Indian ocean. These clouds cover thousands of square kilometers as 200-300 m thick distinct and homogeneous layer just below the tropical tropopause. In their condensed phase UTTCs contain only 1-5% of the total water, and essentially no nitric acid. A new cloud stabilization mechanism is required to explain this small fraction of the condensed water content in the clouds and their small vertical thickness. This work suggests a mechanism, which forces the particles into a thin layer, based on upwelling of the air of some mm/s to balance the ice particles, supersaturation with respect to ice above and subsaturation below the UTTC. In situ measurements suggest that these requirements are fulfilled. The basic physical properties of this mechanism are explored by means of a single particle model. Comprehensive 1-D cloud simulations demonstrate this stabilization mechanism to be robust against rapid temperature fluctuations of +/- 0.5 K. However, rapid warming (Delta T > 2 K) leads to evaporation of the UTTC, while rapid cooling (Delta T < -2 K) leads to destabilization of the particles with the potential for significant dehydration below the cloud
Obstacle detection is an important part of Video Processing because it is indispensable for a collision prevention of autonomously navigating moving objects. For example, vehicles driving without human guidance need a robust prediction of potential obstacles, like other vehicles or pedestrians. Most of the common approaches of obstacle detection so far use analytical and statistical methods like motion estimation or generation of maps. In the first part of this contribution a statistical algorithm for obstacle detection in monocular video sequences is presented. The proposed procedure is based on a motion estimation and a planar world model which is appropriate to traffic scenes. The different processing steps of the statistical procedure are a feature extraction, a subsequent displacement vector estimation and a robust estimation of the motion parameters. Since the proposed procedure is composed of several processing steps, the error propagation of the successive steps often leads to inaccurate results. In the second part of this contribution it is demonstrated, that the above mentioned problems can be efficiently overcome by using Cellular Neural Networks (CNN). It will be shown, that a direct obstacle detection algorithm can be easily performed, based only on CNN processing of the input images. Beside the enormous computing power of programmable CNN based devices, the proposed method is also very robust in comparison to the statistical method, because is shows much less sensibility to noisy inputs. Using the proposed approach of obstacle detection in planar worlds, a real time processing of large input images has been made possible.