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This paper addresses the syntax and semantics plurals, and then applies it to reciprocal expressions. In the course of this investigation, I address two problems for the conventional view that a reciprocal makes essentially the same semantic contribution to the sentence as other noun phrases, but has an interesting internal structure. I will show that both problems are properties of plurality in general, and can be successfully explained along these lines. As a result, the paper is more about plurality in general than reciprocals though the goal of the paper is to account for the two problems relating to reciprocals.
Why variables?
(1999)
This paper addresses the question of how sentence-internal semantic dependencies are computed? The kind of semantic dependency I am looking at is that between a so called "bound (variable) pronoun" and its binder illustrated in (1), where the dependency is indicated by a connecting line. With all the literature on the topic (see for example Partee 1973, Percus 1998), I assume that this case is the prototype of all semantic dependencies, and therefore any result for this case generalizes to all types of sentence-internal semantic dependencies.
Metonymy and the growth of lexical categories related to the conceptual category female human being
(2000)
Metaphorical awareness of the native speakers of English in the conceptualisation of happiness
(2000)
Old masters and new frameworks : a pilot analysis of selected semantic changes in the field economy
(2003)
"Back to basics" : a cognitive analysis of conversion de-adjectival nominalisation in English
(2003)
The interpretation of traces
(2004)
This paper argues that parts of the lexical content of an A-bar moved phrase must be interpreted in the base position of movement. The argument is based on a study of deletion of a phrase that contains the base position of movement. I show that deletion licensing is sensitive to the content of the moved phrase. In this way, I corroborate and extend conclusions based on Condition C reconstruction by N. Chomsky and D. Fox. My result provides semantic evidence for the existence of traces and gives semantic content to the A/A-bar distinction.
War and death in business : some remarks on the nature of conceptualisation in the field economy
(2005)
Metaphorization and selected translation techniques : the case study of "National Geographic"
(2008)
Judging by appearances : a study of human-oriented metonymic developments in the domain of dress
(2008)
Iako se prevedenicama aktiviraju vlastite izražajne mogućnosti jezika, one su također predmet purističkih reakcija. Cilj je rada analizirati latentni utjecaj engleskoga jezika na različite jezične razine kao pojavu koja je prisutna u hrvatskome i u drugim europskim jezicima. Primjeri pokazuju da se radi o rasprostranjenoj pojavi koja proizlazi iz doslovnoga i nemarnoga prijevoda, nepoznavanja norme vlastitoga jezika i pomodnoga slijeda engleske jezične norme.
The flâneur has been depicted in several different ways in 19th as well as 20th and 21st century literature and criticism. The focus of this brief paper will be on the roles given him in English writings from or around the time of the 1848 revolutions in France and Germany, in which the flâneur comes to represent not only a street idler, but also a critical traveller to, and observer of, the continental city and its revolutionary activities.
It could be said that learner’s dictionaries are the most reliable expression of lexicography in terms of providing the necessary tools to help the learning process of a foreign language. This paper analyses three English learner’s dictionaries in order to establish its stylistic patterns as well as to compare them with four German learner’s dictionaries. Undoubtly, the lexicography of English learner’s dictionaries is a model. However, we argue that this model can not be transfered to German lexicography since each language has its own particularities which demand specific solutions.
For reasons of space, we only discussed one text in which the metaphors used seem to take their root in the context in which it has been written. One text is definitely not enough to make any definite claims on how widespread this phenomenon is. Given what we know about the two domains - Food and taste - one has reasons to believe that when speakers/conceptualisers (e.g. journalists) describe something which stands in some relation to both, they may intuitively be reaching for taste metaphors of the kind described above on the premise that this kind of ‘ornamentation’ will add some spice to what the addressee might otherwise consider a trivial (and boring) topic. At the same time, taste is only one among many properties a particular item of food or a substance (e.g. sugar) has. In consequence, one may well imagine contexts in which it is not its taste, but other properties (e.g. what Harbottle [1997:183] refers to as its 'pure white and deadly’ image) that will make the conceptualiser reach for a particular linguistic or conceptual metaphor.
In this paper I tried to demonstrate that the British films depicting football hooliganism could be viewed as glorifying violence. A considerably great number of scenes and a great amount of time devoted to the presentation of violence, together with the unpunished, painless and heroic aspects of such presentations are just one side of the glorifying coin. The other side is occupied with the deeper meaning of particular scenes or the general overtones of the films which seem to develop a tendency to present a hooligan firm as a family-like community that offers happiness and produces a strong feeling of belonging and solidarity that adds spice to the boring working or middle class life. Violent confrontations are depicted as a source of pleasurable emotional arousal that surpass other forms of enjoyment. Moreover, confronting other hooligans helps hooligans to construct hard masculine identity based on physical prowess. Finally, being a good fighter is a fast track to earning a reputation that provides hooligans with a sense of power and importance. Real hooligans starring in the films, thus potentially encouraging viewers to become “wannabe warriors”, is also of great importance. However, the way the audiences react to the on-screen presentation of violence with all its aspects is a topic for much broader research.
This article will attempt to suggest translation procedures necessary to translate culturally bound items in the referential level of a literary work illustrated with examples from two novels: “The Bluest Eye” by Toni Morrison and “Vineland” by Thomas Pynchon. First, the article will include a general description of the referential level in literary works offering possible avenues of 285 its rendition, then and finally suggest a translation methodology and techniques together with practical examples of the theory at work.
Several phenomena associated with the differences in the performance of novice interpreters and semi-professionals have been discussed in the paper. Particular emphasis was placed on the occurrence of imported cognitive load which strongly influenced the performance of the subjects also in places where no intrinsic difficulty had been detected. Nevertheless, too little evidence was provided to establish a more detailed pattern of imported cognitive load, which was due to the limited number of participants in the study. It would be possible to obtain more detailed data and comments from the participants by means of interviews conducted individually with the participants. It would allow asking detailed questions to the participants, which might be a more reliable method than the immediate retrospective accounts. Moreover, in the present study such variables as gender differences, age differences and the possible influence of other foreign languages were not taken into account. Perhaps these variables might shed some light on the issue of the management of cognitive resources. Also, the corpus gathered for the present study may be used for the investigation of other aspects of the SI performance.
The cognitive framework seems to comply with the need of interdisciplinary outlook on the issue of emotions, as it itself draws upon findings of psychological, anthropological and philosophical research. Along with undertaking further studies on the conceptualization of emotions in different languages, from the detailed analysis of the repertoire of linguistic means used for talking about emotions to investigation into tendencies to use metaphors or metonymies to talk about emotions, some broader conclusions could be drawn. The greatest challenge seems to be establishing whether there are any cultural (social, economical, conventional, political, religious) conditions that may influence the relevant changes in conceptualizing emotions in different languages and whether it is possible to point to any laws or regularities that would govern these changes.
Translation is a very broad, complex and multi-faceted phenomenon, encompassing much more factors than it seems at first glance. It is not just copying the words from the original work while changing the language, but it consists of a careful selection of appropriate phrases and expressions, combining them together in a skillful way while taking into consideration numerous aspects, one of them being the text type. The purpose of this article is, therefore, to present various text typologies and text types, specify their implications for translators and determine the role of the correct recognition of text type in producing a successful translation. This will be done on the assumption that a text type is one of the basic factors that allow the translator to recognise the function and purpose of the text as well as the author's intention. Thus, depending on the nature of these, the translator will inevitably resort to different techniques and strategies in order to successfully render the source text. Therefore, identifying the text type also helps the translator to select the appropriate translation strategy.
The aim of this article is to follow the changes that took place in the history of easy-to-please constructions. To fully apprehend that, we will begin by looking at Middle English infinitives and the change which affected them. Our attempt here is to prove that Early Middle English to was at its intermediate stage of development, i.e. it was neither a preposition nor inflection. In Late Middle English, to reached its final stage of a gradual evolution heading TR On account of the analysis of to and infinitives in Middle English, new constructions in which easv-to-please appear will be explained.
In the sections that follow we shall be concerned with analyzing the semantic evolution of the noun cheek in the history of English. The semantics of the lexical item under scrutiny will be examined with reference to its two aspects, that is (1) the semantic potential of the analysed lexical unit in its primary, etymological sense (sense A) and its secondary senses (senses B > E), (2) as well as the secondary senses emerging from various phraseological units which echo the nominal sense B (henceforth B-related senses). The analysis proposed here continues the area of research initiated in Wieclawska (2009a, 2009b), Wieclawska 2010, Kleparski and Wieclawska (2010) and Wieclawska (2011), the target of which are semantic changes and phraseological productivity of lexical items variously related to the conceptual macrocategory BODY PARTS. The methodological apparatus employed here is the one that follows the theoretical frames developed by, among others, Kleparski (1996, 1997, 2002), Kieltyka (2008, 2010) that may be referred to as representing much cognitivistic spirit of semantic analysis.
Textkompetenz in mehreren Sprachen : Forschungsergebnisse und weiterführende Forschungsansätze
(2014)
The article presents results of an empirical study which examines productive transfer in the area of text skills competence and the associated writing skill which could be attributed to the learners' contact with several languages. The research was conducted within the research project "Multilingualism in the Czech Republik: Learning and Teaching German after English." After a short presentation of the key concepts in the development of the study and a presentation of selected results, implications and a modell for further research in multilingual writing and on transfer processes between languages are introduced.
O objetivo principal deste artigo é apresentar uma visão geral dos resultados obtidos em uma pesquisa empírica envolvendo aprendizes adultos de alemão como língua estrangeira com conhecimentos prévios de inglês. O foco deste artigo recai sobre os processos envolvidos no ensino/aprendizagem de terceiras línguas, levando-se em consideração que a língua alemã é comumente aprendida como uma segunda língua estrangeira após o inglês. Os principais questionamentos da pesquisa estão baseados em processos de transferência positiva, bem como na interferência linguística observada em um grupo de 50 aprendizes de alemão dos níveis A1 a B1 do Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para as Línguas. Ao que concerne a relação entre as línguas alemã e inglesa, a afirmação de que o inglês exerce um papel importante na aprendizagem de alemão pôde ser confirmada, sendo o parentesco etimológico entre as duas línguas um dos mais importantes fatores para se determinar a ocorrência de influência interlinguística. Por outro lado, a interferência linguística resultante da coexistência de ambas as línguas demanda o desenvolvimento de uma didática do plurilinguismo que compreenda métodos alternativos para o ensino/aprendizagem de alemão como segunda língua estrangeira no Brasil.
Der Absatz hat in der Sprachtheorie nur relativ wenig Aufmerksamkeit gefunden. In diesem Beitrag soll den Gründen für die Marginalisierung dieser schriftsprachlichen Einheit nachgegangen werden. Zu diesem Zweck wird der Absatz zunächst im Kontext 'benachbarter' Einheiten (Text, Satz, Periode) betrachtet. Danach werden einschlägige Beiträge gesichtet, und zwar sowohl ältere und neuere Absatzcharakterisierungen aus dem deutschen Sprachraum als auch Beiträge aus anderen Sprachkulturen. Anschließend wird die linguistische Relevanz dieser Einheit diskutiert. Hierbei wird unter anderem demonstriert, dass viele Beiträge zur Absatztheorie der traditionell-rhetorischen Konzeption der Periode nahe stehen, sodass es sich empfiehlt, diese beiden Konzeptionen im Zusammenhang zu betrachten.
Flashmob, App, E-Bike, Gendermainstreaming, bloggen, skypen, gefaked/gefakt, geliked/gelikt, Coffee-to-go, Latte macchiato, Gnocchi, Yallah, Shisha oder Sushi – die beherrschenden Fremdwörter aus Wissenschaft und Alltag der Gegenwartssprache im 21. Jahrhundert sind englischen Ursprungs, im letzten Jahrzehnt auch zunehmend aus anderen modernen europäischen und außereuropäischen Sprachen entlehnt. Die Entlehnungsbedingungen dieser Wörter unterscheiden sich damit grundsätzlich von den Gegebenheiten, die für die Integrationsentwicklungen bei Gräzismen und Latinismen sowie für Gallizismen bestimmend waren. Während die Fremdwörter aus den drei bis ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein wesentlichen Gebersprachen über Jahrhunderte hinweg in mehreren Phasen schrittweise Eingang in die deutsche Sprache fanden und dabei durch einen kontinuierlichen, wenn auch nicht immer widerspruchsfreien Prozess orthografischer Normierung begleitet wurden, erfolgte die Übernahme einer Vielzahl von Anglizismen und anderer Neologismen erheblich schneller im Rahmen umfassender Internationalisierung und Globalisierung von Sprache und Gesellschaft. Die entlehnten Wörter bezeichnen zum allergrößten Teil neue Phänomene, Wortbedeutungen oder Sachverhalte, sie sind Indizien für fundamentale gesellschaftliche Veränderungen, die einen grundlegenden Sprach- und schließlich auch Schreibwandel zur Folge haben. Im Gegensatz zum Umfeld früherer Entlehnungen bieten normierende Texte wie Grammatiken oder Wörterbücher daher zunächst noch keine orthografische Orientierung. Stattdessen gewinnt das Internet, bestimmt von professionellen wie auch informellen Schreibern, sowohl als Bezugsquelle von Informationen als auch als Orientierungsrahmen für die Schreibung neuer Wörter eine immer stärkere Bedeutung. Anglizismen spielen dabei eine Sonderrolle: Sie werden sowohl von englischen als auch von deutschen Quelltexten aus rezipiert und zum Teil in ihrem gebersprachlichen graphemischen Status übernommen, zum Teil modifiziert.
"Concordia domi, foris pax" : zur sprichwörtlichen Mehrsprachigkeit der Rhetorik Helmut Schmidts
(2016)
In den zahlreichen Büchern Helmut Schmidts, die in Sammelbänden auch seine Interviews, Reden und Aufsätze enthalten, spielen fremdsprachliche Phraseologismen eigentlich nur eine kleine Rolle. Dieser Beitrag enthält im Prinzip alle aufgefundenen Belege, was deutlich zu erkennen gibt, dass Helmut Schmidt im Vergleich zu Otto von Bismarck und Willy Brandt seine lateinischen und englischen Sprachkenntnisse weniger unter Beweis stellt. Französisch fehlt wegen seiner Unkenntnis der ehemals so bedeutenden Diplomatensprache fast völlig, während sich die beiden aussagekräftigen lateinischen Sprichwörter "Concordia domi, foris pax" und "Salus publica suprema lex" als gewichtige Leitmotive der politischen Rhetorik Schmidts erweisen. Erwartungsgemäß vertritt die moderne lingua franca des Angloamerikanischen die Mehrsprachigkeit Schmidts am deutlichsten. Zusätzlich zu englischen Zwillingsformeln und Redensarten kommt es hier in der Tat zu einer Reihe von englischen und amerikanischen Sprichwörtern, die eine erhebliche kommunikative Funktion übernehmen. Zweifelsohne hätte Schmidt deutschsprachige Äquivalente finden können, doch will er offensichtlich seine Betrachtungen zur politischen Situation in Deutschland, Europa und der Welt durch angloamerikanische Sprichwortweisheiten international untermauern. Dafür gab es vormals Latein und Französisch, doch hat nuneinmal die englische Weltsprache diese Rolle im modernen Zeitalter übernommen.
Neste artigo, trazemos algumas reflexões a respeito da influência exercida por línguas anteriormente aprendidas no processo de aprendizagem de alemão como L3 por aprendizes brasileiros. Essas influências podem operar tanto por meio de transferências linguísticas intencionais, controladas pelos próprios aprendizes, quanto por transferências não intencionais. Dependendo do referencial teórico adotado, essas transferências intencionais são consideradas estratégias de aprendizagem e/ou de comunicação. Com base em uma pesquisa empírica realizada em 2017 e em alguns debates na área acadêmica em torno do assunto (OXFORD 1990, 2011; BIMMEL e RAMPILLON 2000; SELINKER 1972, 2014; HUFEISEN 2010), este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as estratégias utilizadas por aprendizes de alemão como L3 em um chat online e refletir sobre as influências interlinguais exercidas sobre os aprendizes de forma não intencional. Os resultados obtidos apontam para contrastes (1) quanto ao tipo de estratégias utilizadas por aprendizes em diferentes níveis de aprendizagem e (2) quanto à língua da qual decorreram as influências não intencionais: aprendizes mais proficientes utilizaram estratégias que mobilizaram mais elementos da língua-alvo, como os circunlóquios, e não sofreram nenhuma influência exclusivamente da língua materna (apenas da L1 e da L2 concomitantemente ou apenas da L2), ao contrário de aprendizes menos proficientes.
Was man schon weiß, gibt jedem die Stärke, weiter zu lernen und höhere Erfolgsziele zu erreichen. Im Tertiärsprachenunterricht ergreift der Lerner im Kontext Deutsch als Fremdsprache nach Englisch (DaFnE) günstige Lerngelegenheiten aus der ersten Fremdsprache Englisch. Durch die Sensibilisierung des Sprachvergleichs und der Bewusstmachung von Sprachlernerfahrungen, können Lernende mit ihren vorhandenen Sprachkenntnissen sichere Lernerfolge im DaF-Unterricht erzielen. Um den Input der Lernenden aus dem Englischen bewusst zu aktivieren, müssen optimale Lernsituationen bereitgestellt werden. In diesem Zusammenhang soll im Tertiärsprachenunterricht ein interkultureller Raum geschaffen werden, wo die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen dem Englischen und Deutschen bearbeitet werden können. Die Redewendungen können als soziokulturelle Kompetenz zu der Integrierung in den DaFnE-Unterricht bedeutend sein. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Einbeziehung der Redewendungen in den Tertiärsprachenunterricht. Die englischen und deutschen Redewendungen wurden für den DaFnE-Unterricht analysiert und als Redewendungen mit absoluter Ähnlichkeit, Redewendungen mit teilweiser Ähnlichkeit und Redewendungen mit kontextueller Ähnlichkeit kategorisiert. Nach der Bestimmung der Redewendungen für den Tertiärsprachenunterricht DaFnE, war es wichtig, wie man diese Redewendungen als DaF-Lehrkraft im Tertiärsprachenunterricht in die Praxis umsetzen kann. Dazu wurden einige Einbeziehungswege mit Beispielen vorgeschlagen. Die Visualisierung der Redewendungen kann die Lehrkraft besonders beim Anfangsniveau effektiv einsetzen und damit einen wichtigen Antrieb zur Erweiterung des Wortschatzes geben. Die anderen zwei Einbeziehungsmöglichkeiten auf der Spur der Redewendungen und Kontextsituationen der Redewendungen können in weiteren Niveaus eingesetzt werden, nachdem sich die Lernenden an die Redewendungen gewöhnt haben. Mit dem interkulturellen Vergleich der Redewendungen können Lernmotivation, Sprachbewusstheit und zugleich Lernerautonomie gefördert werden.
Küreselleşen dünya göz önüne alındığında ortak dilin İngilizce olduğu görünmektedir. Bütün dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de birinci yabancı dil olarak İngilizce öncelik kazanmıştır. Almanca, Fransızca, Rusça gibi diller ikinci yabancı dil olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sanayi ülkesi olan Almanya'nın ekonomisinden aldığı güçle, dilini diğer ülkelere kabul ettirdiğini göz ardı etmemek gerekir. Bunun dışında Avrupa’da en çok konuşulan Anadili olma özelliği de Almancanın önemini arttırmıştır. Söz konusu özelliklerinden dolayı Almanca ikinci yabancı dil öğrenme sıralamasında üst sıralarda yer almaktadır. İkinci yabancı dili öğrenen bir öğrenci için birinci yabancı dil her zaman yardımcı dil görevi görmektedir. Öğrenci birinci yabancı dili öğrenirken edindiği tecrübeyi, belirlediği stratejiyi, ikinci yabancı dil için de kullanmaktan kaçınmamalıdır. Birinci yabancı dil olarak İngilizce öğrenen bir öğrenci, ikinci yabancı dil olarak Almancayı seçtiğinde, bu tecrübe ve stratejilerini kolaylıkla kullanabileceği bir ortamı yakalamış olmaktadır. Bunun sebebi ise Almanca ve İngilizcenin birçok ortak noktaya sahip olmasıdır. Ülkemizde bu önemli iki dili öğreten ve öğrenen kişinin fazla olması, bu çalışmayı yapmamızı teşvik etmiştir. Bu çalışmada doküman inceleme (analizi) yöntemi kullanılarak ikinci yabancı dil olarak Almanca dili eğitiminde birinci yabancı dil olan İngilizcenin köprü dil olarak kullanılıp, daha kolay bir şekilde öğrenilmesi ve anlaşılması incelenmiştir.
Die folgende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema des Wortschatzerwerbs im Bereich Englisch als Fremdsprache. Die Relevanz und Notwendigkeit des Erlernens von Vokabular ist für den erfolgreichen Fremdsprachenerwerb unumstritten. Sprachen bauen auf Wörtern, sprich Bedeutungsträgern, auf, die es erst zulassen in einer Sprache miteinander kommunizieren zu können. Die Kommunikation kann mit mangelndem und unausreichendem Wortschatz nur begrenzt stattfinden und Missverständnisse können hervortreten. Daher wird in dieser Arbeit in der Einleitung betont, wie wichtig es ist, den Wortschatz von Studierenden zu fördern und je nach Niveau und Altersstufe die richtigen Methoden zur Vermittlung auszuwählen. Die Arbeit liefert dabei explizit ein Beispiel der Umsetzung. Diese findet im universitären Kontext in einer Vorbereitungsklasse einer privaten Universität (Nişantaşı Universität) in Istanbul statt. Die Student*innen der Vorbereitungsklasse befinden sich auf dem Niveau B1 und erwerben Englisch als Fremdsprache. Ein Teil dieser Arbeit zeigt, wie der Wortschatz zu einem bestimmten Thema, hier Beschreibung von Persönlichkeit/ Aussehen, vermittelt werden kann und geht dabei auf Materialien und Arbeitsvorgänge im Unterricht ein. Es werden ein Vortest und ein Nachtest zum Thema durchgeführt, die die Erfolgsquote vor und nach der Vermittlung messen sollen. Ein zweiter Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Vergleich des im Englischen zusammengestellten Wortschatzes mit dem entsprechenden Wortschatz im Deutschen, um festzustellen, welche Gemeinsamkeiten und Diskrepanzen zwischen den beiden Sprachen existieren. Die Arbeit resultiert in einem Fazit, welches ein weiteres Mal die Relevanz von dem Wortschatzerwerb im Fremdsprachenunterricht betont.