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The present PhD thesis comprises structural geology, petrographic and geochronological investiga-tions on crystalline rocks of the Uppermost Unit in the southern Aegean realm. Studies were carried out in three areas: (1) on the island of Anafi, (2) in the area west of Melambes in central Crete and (3) between the villages of Pefkos, Kalami and Sykologos in the municipality of Viannos in eastern Crete.
The Uppermost Unit forms together with the underlying, non-metamorphic Pindos Unit the upper nappe system of the Cretan nappe pile that, unlike the units of the lower nappe system, was not affected by Late Oligocene to Early Miocene subduction-related metamorphism. The upper nappe system must therefore have been at upper levels of the lithosphere in the Late Oligocene. This is of particular im-portance when reconstructing the tectonometamorphic evolution of the Uppermost Unit. The Upper-most Unit is very heterogeneous in composition and is subdivided into several subunits, which differ mainly in their lithological composition and the degree of metamorphic overprint. Usually, it is subdi-vided into several low-grade metamorphic subunits and one high-grade metamorphic subunit. Within the scope of this PhD thesis, three of these subunits were examined; (1) the anchimetamorphic Arvi Unit, (2) the newly described Greenschist Unit and (3) the Asterousia Crystalline Complex (ACC).
The analyses conducted during this PhD thesis include: (1) structural geology investigations in the field, (2) microstructural and petrographic analyses on thin sections, (3) radiometric dating of zircons using isotope dilution thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), (4) electron microprobe (EMP) analysis, (5) quartz texture analysis using electron-backscattered diffraction (EBSD), (6) semiquantitative analysis of min-eral phases using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), (7) analysis of the modal composition of intrusive rocks applying point counting on thin sections and (8) X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) on chias-tolite hornfels.
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Freundschaft und Liebe haben eines gemeinsam: die innige und wechselseitige Zuneigung zweier Personen zueinander. Das Mittelalter kennt die diskursive Trennung von Freundschaft und Liebe als Codes der Intimität nicht. Mit dem Terminus "minne" wird in der mittelalterlichen Literatur sowohl die Freundschaft zweier Männer als auch die Liebe zwischen Ritter und Dame beschrieben. Die Gesellschaft des Mittelalters um 1200 ist eine patriarchal organisierte und damit männlich homosozial geprägte Kriegergesellschaft. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die These formuliert, dass Freundschaft im Mittelalter eher nicht der unwahrscheinliche Code der Intimität ist, sondern die Liebe. Mit dieser These wird die moderne Perspektive auf personale Zweierbeziehungen umgekehrt, die intuitiv die heterosoziale Beziehung und damit Liebe als Code der Intimität präferiert.
Im Zentrum des Interesses stehen männlich homosoziale Freundschaften und heterosoziale Liebesbeziehungen. Diese werden auf Basis linearer und triangulärer Figurenkonstellationen und unter Rückgriff auf Niklas Luhmanns Thesen, die er in „Liebe als Passion“ (1982) entwickelt, untersucht. Luhmann unterscheidet drei historische Stufen des Liebesdiskurses und ordnet diese Epochen zu: die höfische Liebe des Mittelalters, die passionierte Liebe der frühen Neuzeit und die romantische Liebe des 19. Jahrhunderts, die bis heute den Liebesdiskurs prägt. Die strikte Epocheneinteilung, die Luhmann vornimmt, wird für die Analyse der mittelhochdeutschen Texte aufgebrochen um zu zeigen, dass in der Literatur des Mittelalters Beispiele für alle drei Formen der Liebe zu finden sind. Die höfische Epik präsentiert Freundschaft und Liebe als Codes der Intimität, die sich einerseits wechselseitig bedingen, andererseits miteinander konkurrieren. Zwar stehen in den untersuchten Texten die heterosozialen Beziehungen im Fokus, doch mündet die Dominanz der Liebe als Code der Intimität nicht in der Verdrängung der Freundschaft. Im Gegenteil: Freundschaft dient der Liebe als Modell.
Biological ageing is a degenerative and irreversible process, ultimately leading to death of the organism. The process is complex and under the control of genetic, environmental and stochastic traits. Although many theories have been established during the last decades, none of these are able to fully describe the complex mechanisms, which lead to ageing. Generally, biological processes and environmental factors lead to molecular damage and an accumulation of impaired cellular components. In contrast, counteracting surveillance systems are effective, including repair, remodelling and degradation of damaged or impaired components, respectively. Nevertheless, at some point these systems are no longer effective, either because the increasing amount of molecular damages can not longer be removed efficiently or because the repairing and removing mechanisms themselves become affected by impairing effects. The organism finally declines and dies. To investigate and to understand these counteracting mechanisms and the complex interplay of decline and maintenance, holistic and systems biological investigations are required. Hence, the processes which lead to ageing in the fungal model organism Podospora anserina, had been analysed using different advanced bioinformatics methods. In contrast to many other ageing models, P. anserina exhibits a short lifespan, a less biochemical complexity and it provides a good accessibility for genetic manipulations.
To achieve a general overview on the different biochemical processes, which are affected during ageing in P. anserina, an initial comprehensive investigation was applied, which aimed to reveal genes significantly regulated and expressed in an age-dependent manner. This investigation was based on an age-dependent transcriptome analysis. Sophisticated and comprehensive analyses revealed different age-related pathways and indicated that especially autophagy may play a crucial role during ageing. For example, it was found that the expression of autophagy-associated genes increases in the course of ageing.
Subsequently, to investigate and to characterise the autophagy pathway, its associated single components and their interactions, Path2PPI, a new bioinformatics approach, was developed. Path2PPI enables the prediction of protein-protein interaction networks of particular pathways by means of a homology comparison approach and was applied to construct the protein-protein interaction network of autophagy in P. anserina.
The predicted network was extended by experimental data, comprising the transcriptome data as well as newly generated protein-protein interaction data achieved from a yeast two-hybrid analysis. Using different mathematical and statistical methods the topological properties of the constructed network had been compared with those of randomly generated networks to approve its biological significance. In addition, based on this topological and functional analysis, the most important proteins were determined and functional modules were identified, which correspond to the different sub-pathways of autophagy. Due to the integrated transcriptome data the autophagy network could be linked to the ageing process. For example, different proteins had been identified, which genes are continuously up- or down-regulated during ageing and it was shown for the first time that autophagy-associated genes are significantly often co-expressed during ageing.
The presented biological network provides a systems biological view on autophagy and enables further studies, which aim to analyse the relationship of autophagy and ageing. Furthermore, it allows the investigation of potential methods for intervention into the ageing process and to extend the healthy lifespan of P. anserina as well as of other eukaryotic organisms, in particular humans.
A large reef manta ray (Manta alfredi) aggregation has been observed off the north Sudanese Red Sea coast since the 1950s. Sightings have been predominantly within the boundaries of a marine protected area (MPA), which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2016. Contrasting economic development trajectories have been proposed for the area (small-scale ecotourism and large-scale island development). To examine space-use, Wildlife Computers® SPOT 5 tags were secured to three manta rays. A two-state switching Bayesian state space model (BSSM), that allowed movement parameters to switch between resident and travelling, was fit to the recorded locations, and 50% and 95% kernel utilization distributions (KUD) home ranges calculated. A total of 682 BSSM locations were recorded between 30 October 2012 and 6 November 2013. Of these, 98.5% fell within the MPA boundaries; 99.5% for manta 1, 91.5% for manta 2, and 100% for manta 3. The BSSM identified that all three mantas were resident during 99% of transmissions, with 50% and 95% KUD home ranges falling mainly within the MPA boundaries. For all three mantas combined (88.4%), and all individuals (manta 1–92.4%, manta 2–64.9%, manta 3–91.9%), the majority of locations occurred within 15 km of the proposed large-scale island development. Results indicated that the MPA boundaries are spatially appropriate for manta rays in the region, however, a close association to the proposed large-scale development highlights the potential threat of disruption. Conversely, the focused nature of spatial use highlights the potential for reliable ecotourism opportunities.
Background: Identification of families at risk for ovarian cancer offers the opportunity to consider prophylactic surgery thus reducing ovarian cancer mortality. So far, identification of potentially affected families in Germany was solely performed via family history and numbers of affected family members with breast or ovarian cancer. However, neither the prevalence of deleterious variants in BRCA1/2 in ovarian cancer in Germany nor the reliability of family history as trigger for genetic counselling has ever been evaluated.
Methods: Prospective counseling and germline testing of consecutive patients with primary diagnosis or with platinum-sensitive relapse of an invasive epithelial ovarian cancer. Testing included 25 candidate and established risk genes. Among these 25 genes, 16 genes (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, CHEK2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, NBN, PMS2, PTEN, PALB2, RAD51C, RAD51D, STK11, TP53) were defined as established cancer risk genes. A positive family history was defined as at least one relative with breast cancer or ovarian cancer or breast cancer in personal history.
Results: In total, we analyzed 523 patients: 281 patients with primary diagnosis of ovarian cancer and 242 patients with relapsed disease. Median age at primary diagnosis was 58 years (range 16–93) and 406 patients (77.6%) had a high-grade serous ovarian cancer. In total, 27.9% of the patients showed at least one deleterious variant in all 25 investigated genes and 26.4% in the defined 16 risk genes. Deleterious variants were most prevalent in the BRCA1 (15.5%), BRCA2 (5.5%), RAD51C (2.5%) and PALB2 (1.1%) genes. The prevalence of deleterious variants did not differ significantly between patients at primary diagnosis and relapse. The prevalence of deleterious variants in BRCA1/2 (and in all 16 risk genes) in patients <60 years was 30.2% (33.2%) versus 10.6% (18.9%) in patients ≥60 years. Family history was positive in 43% of all patients. Patients with a positive family history had a prevalence of deleterious variants of 31.6% (36.0%) versus 11.4% (17.6%) and histologic subtype of high grade serous ovarian cancer versus other showed a prevalence of deleterious variants of 23.2% (29.1%) and 10.2% (14.8%), respectively. Testing only for BRCA1/2 would miss in our series more than 5% of the patients with a deleterious variant in established risk genes.
Conclusions: 26.4% of all patients harbor at least one deleterious variant in established risk genes. The threshold of 10% mutation rate which is accepted for reimbursement by health care providers in Germany was observed in all subgroups analyzed and neither age at primary diagnosis nor histo-type or family history sufficiently enough could identify a subgroup not eligible for genetic counselling and testing. Genetic testing should therefore be offered to every patient with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer and limiting testing to BRCA1/2 seems to be not sufficient.
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in the U.S. We investigated characteristics of HCV-infected patients registered for OLT, and explored factors associated with mortality. Data were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing and Organ Procurement and Transplantation network (UNOS/OPTN) registry. Analyses included 41,157 HCV-mono-infected patients ≥18 years of age listed for cadaveric OLT between February 2002 and June 2014. Characteristics associated with pre- and post-transplant survival and time trends over the study period were determined by logistic and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses and Poisson regressions. Most patients were white (69.1%) and male (70.8%). At waitlist registration, mean age was 54.6 years and mean MELD was 16. HCC was recorded in 26.9% of the records. A total of 51.2% of the patients received an OLT, 21.0% died or were too sick; 15.6% were delisted and 10.4% were still waiting. Factors associated with increased waitlist mortality were older age, female gender, blood type 0, diabetes, no HCC and transplant region (p<0.001). OLT recipient characteristics associated with increased risk for post OLT mortality were female gender, age, diabetes, race (p<0,0001), and allocation MELD (p = 0.005). Donor characteristics associated with waitlist mortality included age, ethnicity (p<0.0001) and diabetes (p<0.03). Waitlist registrations and OLTs for HCC significantly increased from 14.4% to 37.3% and 27.8% to 38.5%, respectively (p<0.0001). Pre- and post-transplant survival depended on a variety of patient-, donor-, and allocation- characteristics of which most remain relevant in the DAA-era. Still, intensified HCV screening strategies and timely and effective treatment of HCV are highly relevant to reduce the burden of HCV-related OLTs in the U.S.
The concept of sound iconicity implies that phonemes are intrinsically associated with non-acoustic phenomena, such as emotional expression, object size or shape, or other perceptual features. In this respect, sound iconicity is related to other forms of cross-modal associations in which stimuli from different sensory modalities are associated with each other due to the implicitly perceived correspondence of their primal features. One prominent example is the association between vowels, categorized according to their place of articulation, and size, with back vowels being associated with bigness and front vowels with smallness. However, to date the relative influence of perceptual and conceptual cognitive processing on this association is not clear. To bridge this gap, three experiments were conducted in which associations between nonsense words and pictures of animals or emotional body postures were tested. In these experiments participants had to infer the relation between visual stimuli and the notion of size from the content of the pictures, while directly perceivable features did not support–or even contradicted–the predicted association. Results show that implicit associations between articulatory-acoustic characteristics of phonemes and pictures are mainly influenced by semantic features, i.e., the content of a picture, whereas the influence of perceivable features, i.e., size or shape, is overridden. This suggests that abstract semantic concepts can function as an interface between different sensory modalities, facilitating cross-modal associations.
Natural sounds convey perceptually relevant information over multiple timescales, and the necessary extraction of multi-timescale information requires the auditory system to work over distinct ranges. The simplest hypothesis suggests that temporal modulations are encoded in an equivalent manner within a reasonable intermediate range. We show that the human auditory system selectively and preferentially tracks acoustic dynamics concurrently at 2 timescales corresponding to the neurophysiological theta band (4–7 Hz) and gamma band ranges (31–45 Hz) but, contrary to expectation, not at the timescale corresponding to alpha (8–12 Hz), which has also been found to be related to auditory perception. Listeners heard synthetic acoustic stimuli with temporally modulated structures at 3 timescales (approximately 190-, approximately 100-, and approximately 30-ms modulation periods) and identified the stimuli while undergoing magnetoencephalography recording. There was strong intertrial phase coherence in the theta band for stimuli of all modulation rates and in the gamma band for stimuli with corresponding modulation rates. The alpha band did not respond in a similar manner. Classification analyses also revealed that oscillatory phase reliably tracked temporal dynamics but not equivalently across rates. Finally, mutual information analyses quantifying the relation between phase and cochlear-scaled correlations also showed preferential processing in 2 distinct regimes, with the alpha range again yielding different patterns. The results support the hypothesis that the human auditory system employs (at least) a 2-timescale processing mode, in which lower and higher perceptual sampling scales are segregated by an intermediate temporal regime in the alpha band that likely reflects different underlying computations.
Background: Invasive off- or on-pump cardiac surgery (elective and emergency procedures, excluding transplants are routinely performed to treat complications of ischaemic heart disease. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) evaluate the effectiveness of treatments in the setting of cardiac surgery. However, the impact of RCTs is weakened by heterogeneity in outcome measuring and reporting, which hinders comparison across trials. Core outcome sets (COS, a set of outcomes that should be measured and reported, as a minimum, in clinical trials for a specific clinical field) help reduce this problem. In light of the above, we developed a COS for cardiac surgery effectiveness trials.
Methods: Potential core outcomes were identified a priori by analysing data on 371 RCTs of 58,253 patients. We reached consensus on core outcomes in an international three-round eDelphi exercise. Outcomes for which at least 60% of the participants chose the response option "no" and less than 20% chose the response option "yes" were excluded.
Results: Eighty-six participants from 23 different countries involving adult cardiac patients, cardiac surgeons, anaesthesiologists, nursing staff and researchers contributed to this eDelphi. The panel reached consensus on four core outcomes: 1) Measure of mortality, 2) Measure of quality of life, 3) Measure of hospitalisation and 4) Measure of cerebrovascular complication to be included in adult cardiac surgery trials.
Conclusion: This study used robust research methodology to develop a minimum core outcome set for clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of treatments in the setting of cardiac surgery. As a next step, appropriate outcome measurement instruments have to be selected.
Autophagy is a physiological process for the recycling and degradation of cellular materials. Forming the autophagosome from the phagophore, a cup-shaped double-membrane vesicle, is a critical step in autophagy. The origin of the cup shape of the phagophore is poorly understood. In yeast, fusion of a small number of Atg9-containing vesicles is considered a key step in autophagosome biogenesis, aided by Atg1 complexes (ULK1 in mammals) localized at the preautophagosomal structure (PAS). In particular, the S-shaped Atg17-Atg31-Atg29 subcomplex of Atg1 is critical for phagophore nucleation at the PAS. To study this process, we simulated membrane remodeling processes in the presence and absence of membrane associated Atg17. We show that at least three vesicles need to fuse to induce the phagophore shape, consistent with experimental observations. However, fusion alone is not sufficient. Interactions with 34-nm long, S-shaped Atg17 complexes are required to overcome a substantial kinetic barrier in the transition to the cup-shaped phagophore. Our finding rationalizes the recruitment of Atg17 complexes to the yeast PAS, and their unusual shape. In control simulations without Atg17, with weakly binding Atg17, or with straight instead of S-shaped Atg17, the membrane shape transition did not occur. We confirm the critical role of Atg17-membrane interactions experimentally by showing that mutations of putative membrane interaction sites result in reduction or loss of autophagic activity in yeast. Fusion of a small number of vesicles followed by Atg17-guided membrane shape-remodeling thus emerges as a viable route to phagophore formation.
Objectives: This study identified potential general influencing factors for a mathematical prediction of implant stability quotient (ISQ) values in clinical practice.
Methods: We collected the ISQ values of 557 implants from 2 different brands (SICace and Osstem) placed by 2 surgeons in 336 patients. Surgeon 1 placed 329 SICace implants, and surgeon 2 placed 113 SICace implants and 115 Osstem implants. ISQ measurements were taken at T1 (immediately after implant placement) and T2 (before dental restoration). A multivariate linear regression model was used to analyze the influence of the following 11 candidate factors for stability prediction: sex, age, maxillary/mandibular location, bone type, immediate/delayed implantation, bone grafting, insertion torque, I-stage or II-stage healing pattern, implant diameter, implant length and T1-T2 time interval.
Results: The need for bone grafting as a predictor significantly influenced ISQ values in all three groups at T1 (weight coefficients ranging from -4 to -5). In contrast, implant diameter consistently influenced the ISQ values in all three groups at T2 (weight coefficients ranging from 3.4 to 4.2). Other factors, such as sex, age, I/II-stage implantation and bone type, did not significantly influence ISQ values at T2, and implant length did not significantly influence ISQ values at T1 or T2.
Conclusions: These findings provide a rational basis for mathematical models to quantitatively predict the ISQ values of implants in clinical practice.
We recently demonstrated the effectiveness of blocking CD49d with anti-functional antibodies or small molecule inhibitors as a rational targeted approach to the treatment of acute leukemia in combination with chemotherapy. Antisense oligonucleotide promises to be no less specific than antibodies and inhibitors, but more interesting for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. We addressed this using the published CD49d antisense drug ATL1102. In vitro, we incubated/nucleofected the ALL cell line Kasumi-2 with ATL1102. In vivo, immunodeficient hosts were engrafted with primary ALL cells and treated with ATL1102. Changes in expression of CD49d mRNA and CD49d protein, and of cooperating gene products, including ß1 integrin and CXCR4, as well as survival in the mouse experiments were quantified. We observed dose-dependent down-regulation of CD49d mRNA and protein levels and its partner integrin ß1 cell surface protein level and, up-regulation of CXCR4 surface expression. The suppression was more pronounced after nucleofection than after incubation, where down-regulation was significant only at the higher doses. In vivo effects of ATL1102 were not sufficient to translate into “clinical” benefit in the leukemia model. In summary, antisense oligonucleotides are successful tools for specifically modulating gene expression but sufficient delivery to down-regulate CD49d in vivo may be difficult to achieve.
Am Ende ging es dann doch recht fix. Hatte der Islamische Staat (IS) noch im März 2017 fast die Hälfte des Territoriums in Syrien unter seiner Kontrolle, ist das Möchtegern-Kalifat mittlerweile so gut wie von der Landkarte getilgt. Das heißt zwar nicht, dass er als Terrororganisation keine Rolle in dem Land mehr spielen wird. Doch als maßgeblicher Bürgerkriegsakteur mit territorialer Basis dürfte der IS weitestgehend aus dem Spiel genommen sein. Das macht diesen verworrenen Bürgerkrieg zunächst einmal ein wenig übersichtlicher. Andererseits wird damit aber auch der Vorhang für das nächste Kapitel geöffnet, das neue Wirrungen verspricht. Denn schließlich waren wegen des Kampfes gegen den IS einige Konfliktlinien erkaltet. Diese könnten nun wieder heiß werden. Allerdings lässt sich aufgrund der vielschichtigen Konstellationen nur schwer einschätzen, welche Dynamiken daraus erwachsen dürften. Der folgende Beitrag soll daher einen Überblick über die vergangenen und neuesten Entwicklungen im Syrischen Bürgerkrieg geben, um zumindest den Ist-Stand ermessen zu können. Die Anfertigung eines solchen Panoramas ist jedoch, zugegeben, eine kleine Herausforderung. Denn aufgrund der zahlreichen Konfliktparteien und multiplen Fronten sind die Entwicklungen derart konfus, dass sie sich nicht so einfach chronologisch zusammenfassen lassen. Der Beitrag stellt daher die jeweiligen Akteursgruppen und Allianzen dar und versucht, deren (ambivalenten) Verhältnisse untereinander zu sortieren und aufzuschlüsseln.
Not unlike the recent report Filling the ranks on the recruitment problems of the British Army shows for the UK, the German armed forces (Bundeswehr) struggle badly to meet their recruitment goals and to fulfill the “Trendwende Personal” (the turnaround in the personnel strength) as proclaimed by the German Defence Minister Ursula von der Leyen. Last year the recruitment department of the Bundeswehr tried a new way of targeting especially young people on YouTube. With a series of 59 episodes called Die Rekruten (The Recruits) YouTube users followed a couple of German Navy recruits through their basic training at the German Navy Technical School.
The series was widely criticised for not showing the serious implications of military service. Two weeks ago, the new series MALI on the deployment of German forces with the United Nations mission MINUSMA in Mali started as a sequel. But does the new series give a realistic impression of the challenges and risks of being a German soldier today and why should this be a requirement for a YouTube series?
In the Global South, private corporations and development aid programs are widely implementing information and communication technology (ICT). Stakeholders export infrastructure (including satellites, drones, and white spaces technology) as well as mobile and internet services (mobile money services, zero-rating), following the proclaimed goal to close the global digital divide. They particularly target under-connected regions in Africa, as Africa shows the lowest levels of internet connectivity (cf. International Telecommunications Union 2017). According to companies and development aid programs, these digitalization efforts in the Global South are key to development and security. However, an ethical perspective points to concerns about the practice of digitalization in the Global South. One central concern is that certain values are inscribed in ICT, and that they may be indirectly implemented through technology in the importing countries. Thus, the export of ICT by Western companies and development aid programs to the Global South may have a "neo-colonial" character. This raises ethical questions about global justice...
Warum werden Frauen Terroristinnen? Wider eine stereotype Betrachtung des weiblichen Terrorismus
(2017)
Punk-Band Frontfrau, Ex-Katholikin, Kosmetikverkäuferin – für die meisten klingt das nicht nach der Biographie einer der aktivsten Anhängerinnen des sogenannten Islamischen Staates (IS). Und doch: Bis Sally Jones jüngst bei einem US-Drohnenangriff ums Leben gekommen ist, war die Britin für mehr als vier Jahre das weibliche Gesicht des IS. Die Geschichte von Jones wirft eine grundlegende Frage auf: Wieso werden Frauen Terroristinnen? Ein Blick auf das breite Spektrum und die Geschichte des weiblichen Terrorismus zeigt, dass Terroristinnen weder neu noch selten, weder vor allem Opfer noch rein persönlich motiviert sind. Wenn an solchen Stereotypen festgehalten wird, steht dies nicht nur einer umfassenden Analyse der Gründe, sondern auch der Prävention von weiblichem Terrorismus im Wege.
Sally Jones Tod im Juni wurde erst vor Kurzem bekannt, und eine letztgültige Bestätigung steht noch aus – genauso wie die Antwort auf die Frage, ob der Drohnenangriff legal war, da angeblich auch ihr 12-jähriger Sohn getötet wurde. So wie Sally Jones möglicherweise posthum als erstes explizit weibliches Ziel eines solchen Angriffs Prominenz erlangen könnte, gibt ihre Person der regelmäßig wiederkehrenden öffentlichen wie wissenschaftlichen Diskussion über die Gründe für weiblichen Terrorismus neue Nahrung. In dieser Debatte sind Antworten auf die Frage, ob Frauen „auch“ Terroristinnen sein können, inzwischen zu einem Dickicht aus Stereotypen und Fantasien mutiert. Wird Religion – vulgo Islam – dieser Mischung hinzugefügt, begibt sich die Diskussion oft vollends auf Abwege. Von den vielen Argumenten, die dabei angeführt werden, halten sich drei mit besonderer Vehemenz: Weiblicher Terrorismus sei erstens ein neues und seltenes Phänomen; Frauen seien zweitens in der Regel Opfer; und drittens hätten Terroristinnen – im Gegensatz zu ihren männlichen Counterparts – in der Regel persönliche Motive. Die beiden ersten Argumente sind schlicht falsch und das dritte greift entschieden zu kurz. Es lohnt also, ein paar Breschen in das Dickicht zu schlagen...
This paper presents new evidence on the expectation formation process of firms from a survey of the German manufacturing sector. It focuses on the expectation about their future business conditions, which enters the widely followed economic sentiment index and which is an important determinant of their employment and investment decisions. We find that firms extrapolate their experience too much and make predictable forecasting errors. Moreover, firms do not seem to anticipate the upcoming reversals of business cycle peaks and troughs which causes suboptimal adjustment of investment and employment and affects their inventories and profits. However, the impact on expectation errors decreases with the size and the age of the firm as firms learn to reduce their extrapolation bias over time.