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Advertising arbitrage
(2014)
Speculators often advertise arbitrage opportunities in order to persuade other investors and thus accelerate the correction of mispricing. We show that in order to minimize the risk and the cost of arbitrage an investor who identifies several mispriced assets optimally advertises only one of them, and overweights it in his portfolio; a risk-neutral arbitrageur invests only in this asset. The choice of the asset to be advertised depends not only on mispricing but also on its "advertisability" and accuracy of future news about it. When several arbitrageurs identify the same arbitrage opportunities, their decisions are strategic complements: they invest in the same asset and advertise it. Then, multiple equilibria may arise, some of which inefficient: arbitrageurs may correct small mispricings while failing to eliminate large ones. Finally, prices react more strongly to the ads of arbitrageurs with a successful track record, and reputation-building induces high-skill arbitrageurs to advertise more than others.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der kontrastiven Forschung von phraseologischen Neologismen im Deutschen und Ukrainischen gezeigt. Das Ziel dieses Beitrags besteht darin, die phraseologischen Neologismen, die in der Corona-Pandemie in Deutschland und in der Ukraine in digitalen Medien verwendet wurden, zu analysieren, die strukturell-semantischen Merkmale ausgewählter phraseologischer Einheiten in beiden Sprachen zu beschreiben, ihre konzeptuelle Analyse durchzuführen, die vorhandenen Neologismenpaare einander gegenüberzustellen sowie Äquivalenztypen zu untersuchen. Die Materialbasis bilden diesbezüglich 96 deutsche und 60 ukrainische phraseologische Neologismen der Jahre 2020–2021.
NOSTRIN belongs to the recently defined F-BAR protein family. F-BAR proteins are
multi-domain proteins, which serve as adaptors between plasma membrane and
cytoskeleton components in processes such as membrane protrusion formation,
endocytosis and migration. NOSTRIN encompasses a F-BAR domain at the N-terminus,
which mediates membrane association, followed by a HR1 motif and an intermediate
domain (ID) domain in the middle, and a SH3 domain at the C-terminus. The domain
architecture and ability to form oligomers enable NOSTRIN to coordinate several
interaction partners namely dynamin, caveolin, N-WASP and endothelial nitric oxide
synthase (eNOS) in the process of eNOS trafficking. In this context NOSTRIN was
originally identified and hence termed eNOS traffick inducer. NOSTRIN is expressed in
vascularized tissues (e.g. liver and lung) and in primary endothelial cells.
Aims of the present work were (1) to investigate if NOSTRIN is involved in other
processes besides eNOS trafficking, (2) to analyse the function of NOSTRIN in vivo
through knockdown of NOSTRIN in developing zebrafish and (3) to study the
consequences of the loss of NOSTRIN on signal transduction in a primary cell culture
model derived from NOSTRIN knockout mice.
To study the possible involvement of NOSTRIN in other processes besides eNOS
trafficking a yeast two-hybrid screen was performed in which fibroblast growth factor
receptor 1 (FGFR1) was identified as a putative novel interaction partner of NOSTRIN. In
a series of yeast two-hybrid, pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation experiments the
interaction between NOSTRIN and FGFR1 was confirmed to occur between
endogenously expressed proteins and determined to be direct and to depend on the ID
domain of NOSTRIN and the 130 C-terminal amino acid residues of FGFR1. FGFR1 is
activated by binding of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and induces several different
signal transduction pathways (e.g. MAPK and Akt pathway). Overexpression of
NOSTRIN in HeLa cells specifically enhanced FGF2-dependent MAPK activation.
Accordingly, depletion of NOSTRIN attenuated FGF2-dependent MAPK activation and
did not affect FGF2-induced Akt activation.
In summary, NOSTRIN has been identified as a novel interaction partner of FGFR1
involved in FGF2-dependent signal transduction.
The morpholino oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of NOSTRIN in developing
zebrafish caused vascular leakage and irregular vascular patterning e.g. a loss of the
proper trajectory of intersegmental vessel and interruptions of the dorsal longitudinal
anastomotic vessel. The vascular phenotype was consistent upon use of two different
morpholinos and could be rescued in a dose dependent manner by the injection of
zebrafish NOSTRIN mRNA. Detailed analysis involving confocal and time lapse
microscopy in zebrafish with endothelial specific expression of EGFP revealed that the
knockdown of NOSTRIN impacts in vivo on the migration and morphology of endothelial
tip cells and leads to a reduction of filopodia number and length.
Additionally a NOSTRIN knockout mouse was generated. The analysis of FGFR1 signal
transduction in primary mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs) from NOSTRIN knockout
and wild type mice revealed that FGF2-dependent MAPK activation was attenuated in
MLECs isolated from NOSTRIN knockout mice when compared to MLECs isolated from
wild type mice. The effect of NOSTRIN on FGF2-dependent signal transduction seems to
be specific, since VEGF-induced MAPK activation was not affected in NOSTRIN
knockout MLECs. The importance of NOSTRIN for FGF2 signal transduction in vivo is
demonstrated by the greatly impaired angiogenic response to FGF2 in NOSTRIN
knockout mice in matrigel plug assay. In a detailed biochemical analysis it was
discovered that NOSTRIN interacts with the activated small GTPase Rac1 and that
overexpression of NOSTRIN enhances Rac1 activation. Furthermore, the interactions of
NOSTRIN with both Rac1 and its GEF Sos1 are required for NOSTRIN-mediated
activation of Rac1. In accordance, activation of Rac1 was not detected upon FGF2
stimulation in NOSTRIN knockout MLECs.
In conclusion, the present work describes a novel function of the F-BAR protein
NOSTRIN in FGFR1 signal transduction. Data presented in this work demonstrate that
NOSTRIN is required for the assembly of a complex consisting of FGFR1, Sos1 and
Rac1 and subsequently for the FGF2-dependent activation of Rac1 in endothelial cells.
U radu se preispituju granice frazema s obzirom na tvorenice kao frazemske sastavnice (krenulo je niz brdo (nizbrdo) što, ići na ruku (naruku) komu) ili samostalne jedinice (bogtepitaj, budibogsnama, kvragu) koje prema postojećoj frazemskoj definiciji ne ulaze u frazeološki fond. Posebna se pozornost poklanja frazemskim polusloženicama kao novoustanovljenoj skupini frazema prema frazemskome opsegu (amo-tamo, brže-bolje, danas-sutra, rak-rana, više-manje, zbrda-zdola). Istraživanje je utemeljeno na korpusu hrvatskih pravopisa od Partaša do Babića i Moguša, hrvatskim općim i frazeološkim rječnicima te elektroničkom korpusu Hrvatska jezična riznica Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje.
Parni prijedlozi
(2007)
U ovome se članku analiziraju poredbeni frazemi jednoga hrvatskog čakavskog govora prikupljeni na terenskome dijalektološkom istraživanju i uspoređuju s poredbenim frazemima hrvatskoga standardnog jezika. Posebna se pozornost poklanja onim čakavskim frazemima koji imaju različitu sliku u pozadini frazema unutar istoga frazemskog koncepta i onima koji nemaju ekvivalenta u standardu.
U radu se račlanjuje odnos reda riječi i negacije u hrvatskome crkvenoslavenskome jeziku. Prvi se vid toga odnosa tiče položaja niječnih izraza ne, ni i bez. U zadanome korpusu oni stoje ispred, odnosno lijevo od jezične jedinice koju niječu. Jedinica ispred koje se niječni izraz nalazi nije nužno glagol, pa ni finitni glagolski oblik. Položaj niječnih izraza povezan je i s razlikom, odnosno s utvrđivanjem razlike između sastavničke negacije, kao negacije nepredikatne sastavnice, i rečenične negacije, negacije predikata. Konačno, o redu riječi ovisi hoće li se ili neće provesti niječno slaganje. U hrvatskome je crkvenoslavenskome jeziku provođenje niječnoga slaganja djelomično (ne i proizvoljno), a ovisi o tome na kojemu se mjestu u rečenici nalazi niječna zamjenica ili prilog.
This paper offers an overview of the presence of the german language and culture in Serbia. The focus lies on the region Vojvodina, as it has the greatest significance for the spread of the German language, culture and literature in Serbia, and there German as a foreign language is still strongly represented in schools. At the same time, it presents the status of the German teacher training in Serbia and discusses some perspectives in this domain.